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The purpose of this paper is to construct analytical solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equations, and the existence of rogue waves and their localized structures are studied.

Function transformation and variable separation method are applied to the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equations.

A series of analytical solutions including rogue wave solutions for the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equations are constructed. Localized structures of rogue waves confirm the presence of large amplitude wave wall.

The localized structures of rogue waves are displayed by analytical solutions and figures. The authors just find some of them and others still to be found.

These results may help to investigate the localized structures and the behavior of rogue waves for nonlinear evolution equations. Applying two different function transformations and variable separation functions to two different states of the equations, respectively, to construct the solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equations. Rogue wave solutions are enumerated and their figures are partly displayed.

Drawing on a sensemaking perspective, this study aims to theoretically and empirically investigate the effects of participative corporate political activity (PCPA) on radical innovation and how regulatory uncertainty and technological uncertainty affect firms’ choice of PCPA as well as its effectiveness on radical innovation.

Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to test the research model based on survey data collected from 227 Chinese manufacturing firms.

The results indicate that PCPA has a significantly positive effect on radical innovation. Both regulatory and technological uncertainty are positively related to PCPA. In addition, regulatory uncertainty strengthens the positive relationship between PCPA and radical innovation, whereas technological uncertainty weakens this relationship.

This study reveals that firm managers should be mindful that PCPA is beneficial to firms’ radical innovation activities in China. Additionally, although regulatory uncertainty and technological uncertainty can drive firms to engage in PCPA to cope with the ambiguity they experienced, managers should also be alert to the complicated role of environment forces in enlarging or discounting the positive effect of PCPA on radical innovation.

The findings offer fresh insights into the use of PCPA to manage the uncertain external environment when pursuing radical innovation activities in China.

This paper aims to investigate how firm-level factor entrepreneurial orientation affects alliance outcomes, and how two sources of uncertainty – competitive intensity and the dependence of an entrepreneurially oriented firm on its partner – moderate the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and alliance performance.

The hypotheses are tested using survey data from 196 R&D alliances in China.

The results indicate that the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and alliance performance has an inverted U shape and is negatively moderated by competitive intensity and the entrepreneurial orientation firm’s dependence on its partner.

Entrepreneurial orientation can have positive and negative effects on alliance performance. Particularly in contexts of intense competition or dependence on partners, firms with an entrepreneurial orientation must fully exploit the advantage this brings them, improve their self-control and alliance-coordination capabilities and emphasize the joint effects of technological innovation and market factors on new product development in case of alliance failure.

This study highlights the dual role of entrepreneurial orientation in R&D alliances. By incorporating external and internal sources of uncertainty (competitive intensity and dependence on the partner), it also offers a more comprehensive understanding of how different levels of entrepreneurial orientation affect R&D alliance performance.

Based on social capital theory and the institutional theory, this paper aims to explain how a firm’s business ties and political ties affect contractual governance in an interfirm cooperation, and under which institutional conditions they can play a better role.

This study tests conceptual model using questionnaire survey data collected from 227 firms in China. Hierarchical regression analysis is used to test the hypotheses.

This study finds that business ties have significant effect on contract completeness, while political ties have significant effect on contract enforcement. Moreover, these effects are contingent on some institutional factors. Market information transparency strengthens the effect of business ties on contract completeness and weakens the effect of political ties on contract completeness. Legal system completeness weakens the effect of political ties on contract enforcement.

This study suggests that managers could actively and selectively use their managerial ties to enhance contractual governance in an interfirm cooperation.

This study adds to the current understanding of how an interfirm cooperation is shaped by the firm’s social capital derived from external network relationships and extends the research on what social antecedents affect contractual governance. Moreover, this study sheds new light on when managerial ties can play a more beneficial role in emerging economies.

This paper aims to, from a Taoism perspective, one of Chinese inveterate cultures and mindsets, add knowledge into how Chinese indigenous cultures and mindsets will affect the way of Chinese people perceive and process guanxi. Specifically, this paper outlines the mechanism of guanxi from a culture perspective. Cultures significantly affect local people behavior.

A mixed-methods survey (Study 1) – analyzed with one-way ANOVA – and interview (Study 2) – analyzed with grounded theory – were used to answer the research questions. In total, 248 surveys were collected for Study 1, and 34 interviews for Study 2 that were transcribed into a word file, which consists of 609 pages with 327,463 Chinese characters, were processed.

The findings show that guanxi is determined by positive and negative forces between instrumental and affective components. Further, two essential conditions – fitness of personality and clear contract, which would determine when a positive or negative force would emerge in a guanxi – were identified.

The main contribution is that this paper clarifies the guanxi mechanism based upon one of the most significant Chinese cultures and mindsets. Or guanxi is viewed from a new perspective – how Taoism affects Chinese people’s perception and evaluation of guanxi. This paper also finds evidence for the main arguments based upon the two studies.

The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the effects of cooperation history on contractual governance and the moderating effects of dependence asymmetry on those relationships from the perspective of a weaker firm in emergent economies. Drawing from resource dependence theory and contingency theory, this paper develops a conceptual model to investigate the impact of cooperation history on contractual governance.

The authors use data from 188 buyer–supplier relationships in China

The authors find that cooperation history is positively associated with contractual governance when dependence asymmetry is high but negatively associated with contractual governance when dependence asymmetry is low. Furthermore, the negative moderating effect of dependence asymmetry on the relationship between cooperation history and contractual complexity is stronger than the relationship between cooperation history and contract enforcement.

This study contributes to a better understanding of how cooperation history affects contractual governance with respect to the various levels of dependence on partners by incorporating a contingency view. This study also advances the literature on interfirm governance by distinguishing contractual governance into contractual complexity and contract enforcement.

Feedback-seeking behavior is an important way for individuals to actively seek information feedback to achieve individuals' goals. In the environment driven by contactless digital technologies, the way of individual feedback-seeking behavior through monitoring indirectly becomes obvious, especially for people who complete the work online in digital collaboration. However, previous empirical research on feedback-seeking behavior mainly focused on direct inquiry. The purpose of this paper is to verify the impact of individual learning goal orientation and the digital feedback environment on individuals' feedback-seeking behaviors through inquiry and monitoring approaches. And the moderating effect of time pressure on these relationships was also investigated.

Based on socio-technical system theory, this study proposes a model to describe the formation of the two approaches of feedback-seeking behaviors (inquiry and monitoring). The hypotheses were examined with the structural equation model method and data were collected from 152 graduate students who completed online surveys.

The results show that both the digital feedback environment and learning goal orientation can promote individual inquiry and monitoring approaches of feedback-seeking. Furthermore, time pressure moderates the relationship between the digital feedback environment and feedback monitoring negatively.

This study establishes an antecedent model that influences the choice of feedback-seeking approaches in digital environments from the perspective of a socio-technical system. The empirical results supplement the explanation of the influence of both technical and social factors on individual feedback-seeking behavior in digital environments.

This paper presents a new simplified text of some concepts of pansystems methodology and related applications to pedagogy, methods of teaching, study and creation, including certain principles of operations research, systems theory, cybernetics, etc.