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The purpose of this paper is to report a field-based quasi-experimental study designed to examine the effectiveness of a transformational leadership intervention in remediating poor performance. The intervention was conducted on elements of the organization that senior management perceived as being low performing.

A quasi-experimental pre-test post-design was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the transformational leadership intervention. Pre-test data were collected four months prior to the intervention starting and the post-test data were collected eight months after the intervention had started. Follower perceptions of their leader's behavior and group cohesion, together with training outcome data were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention.

Results revealed that from pre-test to post-test changes in perceptions of leadership, group cohesion, and training outcome indicated that the intervention had beneficial effects. These beneficial effects were evidenced in one of two ways: desirable behaviors increased in the experimental group from pre-test to post-test while they remained the same or were decreased in the control group; or desirable behaviors remained the same in the experimental group while they decreased in the control group.

The current study is the first to utilize a quasi-experimental organization wide design to examine the efficacy of a transformational leadership intervention. Furthermore, the current study provides evidence that transformational leadership can buffer negative environmental effects.

This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting‐edge research and case studies.

This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

According to modern‐day cynics (or maybe they are just realists) involved in teaching and coaching, a huge chunk of what we learn at management training programs does not follow us far beyond the training center door, and a further large proportion of what is remembered is not applied to the job.

The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world's leading organizations.

The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy‐to digest format.

To provide a framework for how to conceptualize and create high‐performance environments (HPEs).

The article concentrates on four key factors in the quest to establish an HPE: defining high performance; leading high performance; enabling high performance; and delivering high performance.

Highlights, as important indicators of an HPE: clarity around the performance that is expected; multi‐level performance expectations that emphasize both quantity and quality in delivery; clarity around who is responsible for delivering the different aspects of the multi‐level performance; constructive challenge that induces a pressure to perform that people can thrive on; high levels of support in pursuit of delivering against the challenge; internal leadership capability that is strong at all levels of the organization; performance that is both effective and efficient, thus inducing a state of “flow” in the organization; high levels of awareness at all levels of the organization; and high performance beliefs, attitudes and behaviors among all members of the organization.

HPEs are easy to write about, but not so easy to create. The article provides some key pointers and indicators both for a leader's current focus and his or her eventual success.

The article will be of greatest value to leaders intent on delivering high performance in their organizations.

The aim of this research is to explore the relationship between destination supply-side factors, visitor demand-side factors and the role of local government authorities in supporting the drive tourism market with effective interventions. A mixed methods approach was used to gather qualitative data from 14 destination stakeholders, which informed the development of a survey of 397 drive tourists to the Atherton Tablelands, in the far north of Australia. The findings identified stakeholder concerns about fragmented regional promotions by different regional entities, weakened destination branding and infrastructure needs. Drive tourist surveys indicated that although the destination provides a competitive tourism experience, there were concerns about the availability of information. This research highlights the danger of destination disunity, and the theoretical and practical contributions of the learning destination concept to understanding the importance of destination-wide, stakeholder collaboration, although it may be difficult to implement.

Understanding the essence of tourism flows is one of the fundamental undertakings of tourism geography research and a key issue behind effective destination management and development. However, thus far, few studies have analysed tourist movement on a national scale. This is due to the deficiency of spatially accurate data that can be used for recording tourists’ intra-national movements. This paper aims to illustrate the impact of major gateways on national tourism flows by using tracking data; and demonstrate and compare the use and applicability of tracking data on a national scale.

In this study, the authors analyse foreign tourists’ movements using two spatially and temporally precise tracking data sets – call detail records from passive mobile positioning data and GPS data from smartphones – in two countries, Estonia and Israel. The movements of international tourists entering the countries via main gateways are studied, with a focus on the impact of gateways on intra-national tourism flows.

The results clearly show the impact of gateways on the concentration of tourists. In the two respective countries, the critical mass of time was spent in close proximity to the gateway and, due to distance decay, a dramatic decrease was seen in visitation to areas that were distanced from both countries’ core areas.

To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first time when tourism flows attained from tracking data are compared on a national scale for two countries.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a deeper understanding of the spatio-temporal behaviour of cruise passengers at a given destination using the city of Hamburg as a use case.

Big data in the form of passive location events from smartphones were analysed to determine the spatio-temporal behaviour of cruise tourists. The data were filtered using a definition created specifically for determining the signals of cruise passengers and were analysed using spatial statistics and network analysis methods.

In Hamburg, cruise passengers have a relatively small area of activity that is concentrated in the city's core tourist area. Foreign cruise passengers are less spatially concentrated than German passengers. Foreign passengers generate most of their visits at the airport and in the city's shopping areas, while German passengers are most frequently seen at the railway station and at the city's maritime experience locations.

Although numerous publications have examined the spatio-temporal behaviour of cruise passengers at the destination, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no studies have used big data sources for this purpose. This paper uses passive location events from smartphones to determine the routes taken by cruise tourists in Hamburg, shows the strengths and weaknesses of this data source and suggests how cruise tourists can be defined from the data.

This paper aims to examine key parameters of scholarly context and geographic focus and provide an assessment of theoretical underpinnings of studies in the field of social media and visitor mobility. This review also summarised the characteristics of social media data, including how data are collected from different social media platforms and their advantages and limitations. The stocktake of research in this field was completed by examining technologies and applied methods that supported different research questions.

This literature review applied a mix of methods to conduct a literature review. This review analysed 82 journal articles on using social media to track visitors’ movements between 2014 and November 2020. The literature compared the different social media, discussed current applied theories, available technologies, analysed the current trend and provided advice for future directions.

This review provides a state-of-the-art assessment of the research to date on tourist mobility analysed using social media data. The diversity of scales (with a dominant focus on the city-scale), platforms and methods highlight that this field is emerging, but it also reflects the complexity of the tourism phenomenon. This review identified a lack of theory in this field, and it points to ongoing challenges in ensuring appropriate use of data (e.g. differentiating travellers from residents) and the ethics surrounding them.

The findings guide researchers, especially those with no computer science background, on the different types of approaches, data sources and methods available for tracking tourist mobility by harnessing social media. Depending on the particular research interest, different tools for processing and visualization are available.

利用社交媒体了解游客的流动性：信息技术和大数据的作用

本综述审查了学术背景的关键参数和案例调查的地理焦点, 并评估了社交媒体和访客流动领域研究的理论基础。本文章还总结了社交媒体数据的特征, 包括如何从不同社交媒体平台收集数据及其优势和局限。 此外本论文通过研究不同的应用方法和总结相关技术来完成的。

本研究提供了最新的使用社交媒体数据分析游客流动性研究的评估。比如案例分析的地理大小（主要集中在城市尺度）、社交媒体平台和方法的多样性突出了该领域的新兴, 但复杂旅游流动现象。审查发现利用社交媒体进行的研究缺乏理论贡献, 并指出在确保适当使用数据（例如区分旅行者与居民）和围绕他们的道德规范方面存在持续挑战。

研究结果指导研究人员, 尤其是那些没有计算机科学背景的研究人员, 了解不同类型的方法、数据来源和方法, 可用于通过利用社交媒体来跟踪旅游流动性。根据特定的研究兴趣, 可以使用不同的处理和可视化工具。

关键词：旅游模式; 游客流动; 游客轨迹; 社交媒体; 信息技术; 大数据

文章类型： 文献评论

Uso de las redes sociales para comprender la movilidad turística: el papel de la tecnología de la información y los macrodatos

En este estudio se examinan los parámetros clave en el contexto académico y enfoque geográfico y se evalúan los fundamentos teóricos de estudios en el campo de las redes sociales y la movilidad de los visitantes. Se resumen también las características de datos de las redes sociales, incluidos los métodos de recopilación de datos de las diferentes plataformas de redes sociales así como sus ventajas y limitaciones. Finalmente, se examinan tecnologías y métodos aplicados que respaldan las diferentes cuestiones de la investigación.

El estudio proporciona una evaluación avanzada del conocimiento hasta la fecha sobre la movilidad turística analizada utilizando datos de redes sociales. La diversidad de escalas (con un enfoque dominante en la escala de la ciudad), plataformas y métodos indica que este campo está en auge, pero también refleja la complejidad del fenómeno turístico. En este estudio se identifica una falta de teoría en este campo y se señalan los contúnios desafíos para garantizar el uso apropiado de datos (por ejemplo, diferenciar a los viajeros de los residentes) y la ética que los rodea.

los resultados guían a los investigadores, especialmente a aquellos sin formación en informática, sobre los diferentes tipos de enfoques, fuentes de datos y métodos disponibles para rastrear la movilidad turística mediante el uso de las redes sociales. Existen diferentes herramientas de procesamiento y visualización disponibles dependiendo del interés particular de la investigación.

Patrones de viaje; Movilidad turística; Movimientos de visitantes; Redes sociales; Tecnologías de la información; Macrodatos.

Feminist leadership in libraries is an emerging area of interest. Distinct from traditional leadership or female leadership, it includes such values as critiquing systems of oppression, valuing whole people, empowering individuals, and sharing information. Here we ask, what do feminist academic library leaders do? And can academic libraries operate as sites of resistance to systems of oppression? We surveyed 55 people and conducted 23 semi-structured interviews with library leaders focusing on how they enact feminist values in the workplace. In this chapter, we explore several key themes that emerged through our research: how library leaders specifically advocate for their staff and users, how organizational structures support or resist feminist leadership, and how decision-making functions in their organizations. While there is no single way to be a feminist leader, we discuss the varied ways our participants enact their feminism, from day-to-day words and actions to larger initiatives and programs. As to whether these libraries are functioning as feminist organizations and able to resist or even change dominant oppressive systems of power, the results are unclear. The culture of the parent institutions seems to be a decisive factor in how academic libraries operate, and none of our participants report success at fully breaking away from those norms. Yet our participants also demonstrate how they have sidestepped or even changed official policies to be more inclusive and flexible. In this chapter we present clear examples of feminist values enacted in academic libraries as well as direction for further research.