The present study assesses the contextual racial effects on police decisions to arrest in traffic stops.
Abstract
Purpose
The present study assesses the contextual racial effects on police decisions to arrest in traffic stops.
Design/methodology/approach
A hierarchical logistic regression model is conducted using data collected from the Houston Police Department and US census.
Findings
The authors’ multilevel analysis indicates that the racial effect on police decision to arrest is more likely to be contextual than individual. Black and Hispanic drivers have no significant difference from White drivers in police decisions to arrest when area variations are controlled. In contrast, the concentrations of Blacks and other racial minorities in areas are significantly associated with the chance of being arrested by police in traffic stops. However, as the level of racial diversity increases in an area, the chance of being arrested is likely to decrease.
Originality/value
This study demonstrates the importance of racial characteristics of areas in the study of racial profiling and related police practice.
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Building upon the conflict paradigm, the present study examines the impact of official status on the swiftness of criminal arrest in China and derives two major hypotheses from…
Abstract
Building upon the conflict paradigm, the present study examines the impact of official status on the swiftness of criminal arrest in China and derives two major hypotheses from the Chinese culture and system: first, an individual's official status has a negative effect on the swiftness of criminal arrest by police, and second, an individual's own and friends’ official statuses have an interactive and negative effect on the swiftness of criminal arrest by police. Data collected from Tianjin, a large city in China, were used to test these hypotheses. The results support the hypotheses. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Studies suggest that official crime statistics are more than a measure of criminal activity. Generated by police, crime figures also reflect the behavior and concerns of police…
Abstract
Studies suggest that official crime statistics are more than a measure of criminal activity. Generated by police, crime figures also reflect the behavior and concerns of police. Our case study renders evidence to this argument. A national survey of the crime recording by police was conducted in China in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The results reveal significant under‐representation of crime in the police‐produced statistics and clearly identify the police as the source of errors. Our study presents the survey and examines the findings. We explore systemic and social factors that affect the underpresentation problem and assess possible impact of the findings on the police’s action in crime recording.
Elin Merethe Oftedal, Tatiana A. Iakovleva and Lene Foss
How university context (UC) enhances students’ entrepreneurial intentions and opportunity recognition is an emerging topic. It is known that students learn, not only from…
Abstract
Purpose
How university context (UC) enhances students’ entrepreneurial intentions and opportunity recognition is an emerging topic. It is known that students learn, not only from educational programmes, but also from the context in which they are embedded. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of such context on student’s entrepreneurial intentions and opportunity recognition.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors use a three-dimensional institutional framework to describe UC including regulative, normative and cognitive structures. Regulative structures refer to rules and regulations, support initiatives in relation to entrepreneurship; normative structures include shared values and norms; while cognitive structures apply to knowledge among students and faculty. A heterogeneous sample of 196 respondents from five countries was used to create reliable measures of UC and to test the hypotheses with the help of regression analysis.
Findings
The findings indicate that two dimensions of UC in particular (regulative and normative) were shown to be of great importance in increasing entrepreneurial intentions and opportunity recognition among students.
Originality/value
The study contributes to this further by suggesting a reliable and theory-grounded scale of UC. Furthermore, this study adds to the discussion on entrepreneurship education by proving evidence of the importance of UC on entrepreneurial intentions. The important contribution is acknowledgement of the fact that social systems both constrain and enable entrepreneurs in their discovery, evaluation and exploitation of opportunities. The authors have established that “would-be student entrepreneurs” do not exist separately from their structural context. Attempts to understand them outside of this context cannot, therefore, fully capture their nature.
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Surendra Singh Rajpurohit and Rajesh Sharma
This paper not only aims to validate the environment Kuznets curve concerning five Asian economies but also attempts to analyze the impact of some additional factors like…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper not only aims to validate the environment Kuznets curve concerning five Asian economies but also attempts to analyze the impact of some additional factors like financial development, energy consumption and foreign direct investment (FDI) on carbon emissions.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper applies pooled mean group approach on the variables of a panel of five Asian economies namely India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Malaysia for a period of 35 years from 1980 to 2014.
Findings
This study finds that while moderate economic growth as well as moderate financial development increase carbon emissions, accelerated or exponential economic growth as well as exponential financial development eventually reduce the level of carbon emissions. Energy consumption was found to have a direct and significant relationship with carbon emissions. FDI inflows when analyzed on a stand-alone basis were observed to have an inverse relationship with carbon emissions, while FDI inflows when clubbed with financial development were observed to have a direct relationship with carbon emissions.
Practical implications
The findings of this study, which validate the environmental Kuznets curve, suggest striving for higher economic growth, even if it causes increased carbon emissions to begin with, as the effects on carbon emissions would eventually get reversed when the economic growth accelerates at a higher rate. This study also suggests the appropriate routing of FDI through a mature and developed financial sector to leverage its impact on the environment in a positive way.
Originality/value
To the best of the knowledge of the authors of this paper, there has not been any research carried out so far, which has analyzed the impact of the combination of variables selected for this study concerning the five Asian economies covered in this paper.
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Aslı Beyler Cigil, Seyfullah Madakbaş, Cumali Tav, Uğur Yahşi and Memet Vezir Kahraman
The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the changes in free volume by adding acrylate modified nanodiamond particles. In this study, a cross-linked thiol-ene (T…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the changes in free volume by adding acrylate modified nanodiamond particles. In this study, a cross-linked thiol-ene (T) network was obtained under ultraviole light. The changes in free volume were analyzed when acrylate-modified nanodiamond (M-ND) particles were added to the nanocomposites obtained. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), a well-established method, was used for this analysis. In addition, the effect of nanocomposites containing different ratios of acrylate M-ND particles (1, 2, 3 and 5 Wt. %) on the surface and the thermal properties were also examined.
Design/methodology/approach
The impact of different quantities of acrylate M-ND on the free volume and surface morphological properties of thiol-ene polymer networks were studied by using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, attenuated total reflection, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, PALS and thermogravimetric analysis measurements.
Findings
The thermal properties of T/M-ND were found to depend on the weight percentages of the M-ND content. For increasing weight percentages of M-ND added to thio-lene polymer networks, the glass transition temperature (Tg) increased from 103°C to 154°C. The ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetime (free volume) and free volume fraction characterization of T/M-ND nanocomposites were investigated using PALS. Increasing temperature caused both the o-Ps lifetime (free volume) to change with increasing saturation and to linearly increase the intensity; however, an increasing weight percentage of M-ND caused no change at all for the o-Ps lifetime (free volume) and the free volume fraction.
Originality/value
According to published literature, and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time a study examining the free volume properties in a thiol-ene system has been carried out.
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Even Elias Edvardsen, Eline Fjærestad Dalseth, Susanne Grødem Johnson, Linda Stigen, Gry Mørk, Trine A. Magne, Astrid Gramstad, Milada Cvancarova Småstuen and Tore Bonsaksen
Understanding students’ preferences for teaching and course design is important for educators in higher education when planning courses and teaching activities. The purpose of…
Abstract
Purpose
Understanding students’ preferences for teaching and course design is important for educators in higher education when planning courses and teaching activities. The purpose of this study was to explore changes in occupational therapy students’ preferences for teaching and courses across the three-year study program.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 263 students participated in a longitudinal study, where preferences were measured with the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students. The data were analyzed with linear mixed effect models for repeated measures.
Findings
The results indicated no significant changes in preferences for courses and teaching over the three-year period. Also, there were no significant differences between the six involved study programs. Preferences for the courses and teaching type “supporting understanding” were associated with higher age and higher study effort. Preferences for the courses and teaching type “transmitting information” were associated with lower age and female gender.
Originality/value
In summary, the findings of this study suggest that preferences for teaching and courses are stable and may be challenging to alter during a three-year undergraduate study program.
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Daniela Lud, Kirsten Holsteg and Carmen Gallas
The purpose of this paper is to describe the conversion of the former coal mining site in Kamp-Lintfort into a public park and learning space for biodiversity. In 2020, an urban…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe the conversion of the former coal mining site in Kamp-Lintfort into a public park and learning space for biodiversity. In 2020, an urban green space was established, featuring various aquatic and terrestrial habitats and a high level of biological diversity in the city centre with broad community support.
Design/methodology/approach
This study presents secondary data of a literature review on participatory management of biodiversity in urban green spaces, with a focus on the sustainability context, participation approaches, theoretical frameworks and the role of education. The example of Zechenpark Kamp-Lintfort (Germany) shows how urban green space development can meet the challenging demands of inner city development while fostering knowledge generation via citizen science and participatory biodiversity management. The study collected primary data on plant biodiversity using a citizen science approach to raise awareness and create opportunities for human–nature interaction.
Findings
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 is the most important development goal in the context of participatory biodiversity management of urban green spaces. Most of the studies have a place-based focus and integration of local knowledge is the main reason for a participatory approach. The findings show how a green learning space can offer opportunities for digital learning as well as participatory biodiversity management in urban areas. The project lead to an increase in local citizens’ awareness of biodiversity. Based on a literature review, this report identifies challenges and opportunities for establishing a green learning space for biodiversity education. The example illustrates that an urban green space can provide numerous possibilities for citizens and students to get involved and that it can foster the sustainable development of a new urban neighbourhood.
Research limitations/implications
A place-based approach limits generalisability. To overcome this limitation, a literature review was conducted, and the location was compared to two parks with similar site conversion history.
Practical implications
The example of developing an urban green space can inspire universities to take an active role in biodiversity management in urban green spaces, integrating biodiversity into university activities and creating a positive impact in the urban environment.
Social implications
Analysis of studies in the field shows that education deserves a more prominent role in theoretical frameworks.
Originality/value
The study represents an example of transition and citizen-led participatory management of biodiversity from a medium-sized city, transformation processes covering these aspects are underrepresented in literature.
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Chih-Hsuan Huang and Yuan-Chen Lin
Hinged on the transformative service paradigm, this study investigates the relationships among employee acting, customer-perceived service quality, customer emotional well-being…
Abstract
Purpose
Hinged on the transformative service paradigm, this study investigates the relationships among employee acting, customer-perceived service quality, customer emotional well-being, and their value co-creation. Feelings of gratitude among customers may moderate the effect of perceived service quality on their emotional well-being (i.e., positive and negative affects).
Design/methodology/approach
A pair study using a structural equation model was conducted to gather data from a financial service organization in a rural area.
Findings
The results show how customers perceive service quality positively impacts their emotional well-being immediately after receiving a financial service, which in turn affects their value co-creation. Hence, feelings of gratitude moderate the effect of perceived service quality on customer positive affect.
Originality/value
This study responds to calls for more studies on how service interactions influence customer well-being in the financial services context. This study is among the few that examine moderation effects of customer feelings of gratitude on their emotional well-being to explain why a positive emotion might sway their short-term well-being.
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The current work aims to understand the consumers’ adoption of electric vehicles (two-wheelers) from their value perspective by utilizing the value-based adoption model.
Abstract
Purpose
The current work aims to understand the consumers’ adoption of electric vehicles (two-wheelers) from their value perspective by utilizing the value-based adoption model.
Design/methodology/approach
The study considered data from 302 potential electric two-wheeler customers and tested the hypotheses using structural equation modeling.
Findings
The outcomes showed that perceived economic benefits, social image, enjoyable acceleration and enhanced fun and perceived environment (positively) and perceived physical safety risk, perceived cost of ownership and range and charging risk (negatively) influenced the customers’ perceived value linked with electric two-wheeler (ETW) adoption. Only low engine noise emission and infrastructure issues did not affect perceived value.
Research limitations/implications
Most of the respondents considered in the study were less than 35 years old. Hence, the model can be tested for other age groups.
Practical implications
The study’s outcomes will help ETW marketers, manufacturing companies and governments (state and central) to provide a more convenient environment for electric two-wheelers' adoption and help them curate appropriate strategies.
Originality/value
The current work offers a better understanding of potential customers' ETW adoption by employing a value-based trade-off.