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The purpose of this study is to explore the synthesis of novel conductive photo-resins to produce flexible conducting composites for use in additive manufacturing. By using direct ink writing (DIW) additive manufacturing, this study aims to explore the fabrication of multimaterial devices with conductive and insulating components. Using digital light processing (DLP) additive manufacturing, this study aims to fabricate detailed objects with higher resolution than material extrusion 3D printing systems.

In this paper, several photocurable conducting resins were prepared for DIW and DLP additive manufacturing. These resins were then cured using 405 nm near UV light to create intrinsically conductive polymer (ICP) composites. The electrochemical properties of these composites were analysed, and the effect of co-monomer choice and crosslinking density was determined. These results determined a suitable resin for subsequent additive manufacture using DIW and DLP. These 3D printing techniques were used to develop flexible conducting devices of submillimetre resolution that were fabricated with unmodified, commercially available 3D printers.

Cyclic voltammetry and volume conductivity analysis of the conducting resins determined the most conductive resin formula for 3D printing. Conductive devices were fabricated using the two 3D printing techniques. A multimaterial soft conducting device was fabricated using DIW, and each conducting component was insulated from its neighbours. DLP was used to fabricate a soft conducting device with good XY resolution with a minimum feature size of 0.2 mm. All devices were prepared in unmodified commercially available 3D printers.

These findings have value in the development of soft robotics, artificial muscles and wearable sensors. In addition, this work highlights techniques for DIW and DLP additive manufacturing.

Several original conducting resin formulae were developed for use in two 3D printing systems. The resulting 3D-printed composites are soft and flexible while maintaining their conductive properties. These findings are of value to both polymer chemists and to the field of additive manufacturing.

The purpose of this study is to develop a additive manufacturing (AM) process for the fabrication of ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) devices with complex designs that would be time-consuming to replicate using conventional manual methods. These IPMC devices have considerable potential in electroactive polymers (EAPs) and soft actuators.

This paper presents a novel three–dimensional (3D) AM technique to develop IPMCs. Digital light processing (DLP) fabrication of soft EAPs was undertaken using a vat-based AM method, followed by deposition of cost-effective outer silver electrodes.

DLP-fabricated devices were compared to conventional Nafion™-117 devices. DLP layer-by-layer fabrication of these devices allowed for good resolution for a range of printed objects. Electrical actuation of the DLP-produced IPMCs showed tip displacements of up to 3 mm, and greater actuation was seen in the presence of lithium rather than magnesium cations. The IMPCs showed good ion exchange capacities, while electrochemical analysis showed the reversible formation and removal of AgCl layers in addition to ion movement.

The AM of these devices allows for rapid prototyping as well as potential use in the development of multiple degrees of freedom actuators and devices.

An original resin formulation was developed for DLP 3D printing. This formula is chemically distinct from the conventional Nafion™-117 membranes that can be purchased. Additionally, this method allows for the manufacture of complex objects that would be difficult to machine by hand. These findings are of value to both the fields of polymer chemistry and AM.

The purpose of this paper is to answer the following research questions: what characteristics do key Belizean educational leaders value in teacher applicants and why? What hiring tools do they use to ascertain whether teacher applicants have the characteristics they prefer?

The authors utilized a mixed-methods approach drawing upon three data sources – face-to-face interviews with Belizean educational leaders, field notes, and government documents. A card sorting activity of applicant characteristics and tools was embedded into the interview.

Informants preferred motivation, caring, subject matter knowledge, and teaching skills. Intelligence was perceived as a potentially negative characteristic unless coupled with other characteristics, such as strong teaching skills, motivation, and caring or the umbrella of other characteristics, such as content knowledge or university training/credentialing. Professional characteristics, such as where one went for teacher training and academic performance, were perceived as having less relative importance than personal characteristics. Least important were applicant demographics. Consistent with the extant literature, Belizean informants perceived the interview, evidence of prior experience, and certification as the most important tools in vetting and hiring applicants.

The exploratory study is limited by the small sample of informants, but provides insights into preferences for applicant characteristics and hiring tools in an understudied international context. This study informs future research that may seek to survey representative samples of various stakeholder groups (i.e. general managers and principals) for their preferences in applicant characteristics and hiring tools from across Belizean schools and educational providers.

The study adds to limited research on preferred teacher characteristics among educational leaders responsible for hiring and/or working with teachers and to the limited international educational leadership research.

We surveyed educational leaders in a large, urban school district in the southeastern United States, examining: (1) the factor structure of scores from a new measure of administrators' preferred teacher applicant characteristics, and (2) the relationships between administrator demographics and their preferences.

We implemented a non-experimental, cross-sectional survey design using the Preferred Teacher Applicant Characteristics Survey (PTACS). We undertook descriptive and exploratory factor analyses in order to examine dimensions and underlying patterns among the 31 survey items. The retained factors served as the dependent variables in our multiple regression analyses.

We identified a four-factor structure: (1) personal, (2) professional, (3) student outcomes, and (4) demographics. Our analyses suggest that there was not meaningful variability in administrators' preferred characteristics of applicants across racial and gender variables, but revealed a significant difference between principals and assistant principals for applicant demographics.

Our findings are limited in their generalizability to the respondents from a single urban district who completed our survey in spring 2018. Although we cannot establish causation, the significant difference between principals and assistant principals for demographics may result from principals feeling greater pressure from district targets to hire diverse staff than their assistant principal counterparts. It is important to note that preferences for teacher applicant characteristics are different from actual hiring decisions and the availability of preferred characteristics.

Our study is the first large-scale use of the instrument in a large US urban school district, a context, which poses significant challenges to the education of youth as well as the hiring and retention of educators.

This study aims to demonstrate the need for further examination of legal judgments and the exercise of discretion in policing.

A factorial vignette survey with traffic stop scenarios based on US Court of Appeals decisions was administered to 396 police officers across six states. Officers were asked to indicate their assessment of the presence of reasonable suspicion and the likelihood that they would extend the stop for investigatory purposes.

Officers' reasonable suspicion judgments are significantly influenced by the vignette facts and align with court ruling expectations. However, even in the presence of reasonable suspicion, responses indicate a limited use of officer discretion to extend the stop.

Analyses of officer decision-making often rely on large datasets with easy indicators of location, officer demographics and citizen demographics, but rarely consider the facts of individual cases. This study suggests more experimental research is needed to consider the impact of case facts on officer judgments and discretionary activity.

This study aims to examine the direct relationships between behavioral intention and factors driving the growth of the wellness tourism industry in the USA. Relationships were hypothesized based on alternative explanations for the rise in popularity of wellness tourism in research streams.

Two models were estimated and tested using the theory of planned behavior (TPB), each incorporating two constructs – Life stress and involvement in health – in addition to theoretically stipulated precursors to Behavioral Intention.

Both constructs were found to be significant predictors of behavioral intention. However, involvement proved a much stronger predictor than life stress. Implications for the management and marketing of this subsector are discussed in the paper.

This study extends the understanding of travelers’ behavioral intentions in the context of wellness tourism by using an extended TPB, with life stress and involvement in health and wellness considered. The study compares general travelers with current/potential wellness travelers (excluding those whose sole purpose was wellness) and the factors that influence their travel behavior.

The past five years have seen a growth in studies of police body-worn cameras (BWCs). A large share of the research focused on individual officer attitudes toward these new law enforcement tools. The scholarship, however, focused almost exclusively on their positive and negative perceptions of body cameras or correlations between those attitudes and general officer characteristics. This study examined whether the influence of negative or “concerning” policing attitudes toward body cameras is mediated by other variables, such as officer outlooks toward law enforcement, officers' perceptions of citizen cooperation or their opinions of the public.

An online survey was distributed to a convenience sample of police offices from two Northeastern police agencies.

Findings indicate that the relationship between experience and concerning perceptions of body cameras is mediated by distrust in citizens and perceived civilian cooperation. Further, an office's outlooks regarding aggressive law enforcement tactics do not have a direct effect on concerning perceptions of body cameras, nor do they serve as a mediator between years of experience and concerning perceptions of body cameras.

Findings uncover the nuance and complexity of studying and understanding police officer outlooks and perceptions of BWCs. Future experimental designs should include general outlook measures.

Adult agricultural leadership programs (ALP) train people to address the needs of a diversifying society with pressing social, economic, environmental, and political challenges. Additionally, these programs offer transformative learning experiences that lead to a greater capacity of current and prospective leaders to become change agents in their communities. In a profession where vitality, strength, and perseverance are fundamental, the agricultural industry needs leaders who remain aware of the foundational knowledge contributed by their predecessors. At the same time, it also necessitates innovation that may revolutionize the agricultural industry for decades to come. In this mixed-method study, we asked participants of a state-based ALP to complete the Loyola Generativity Scale (N=48) that measures generative concern, with higher scores indicating stronger generative concern. Survey results (N=48) indicated average overall generative concern. However, there was a considerable variation among participants, scores ranging from 45 to 77. To understand the range of attitudes, we conducted interviews (N=11) with ALP participants. Generativity Theory provided the foundation of our qualitative analysis. We identified how participants are acting generatively in their leadership roles by promoting the sustainability of agriculture through social engagement, capitalizing on opportunities for teaching and learning, and expanding social capital through intergenerational professional networks. From this research, scholars and practitioners will gain a more nuanced understanding of how this ALP is facilitating generative leadership among today’s leaders so they may continue transforming their industry by connecting generational cohorts through the transmission of experience, knowledge, and expertise.

The authors examine the role of stock liquidity in CEO equity compensation design. For a sample of publicly traded firms from 2007 to 2020, the authors find that greater stock liquidity is associated with a higher proportion of stock awards relative to the proportion of options in CEO equity compensation. The results of this study suggest that stock price informativeness on the grant date has a differential effect on the preference for the type of equity compensation awarded to CEOs. The empirical results are supported by multivariate analyses using alternative measures of stock liquidity and a two-stage least squares (2SLS) specification that alleviates endogeneity concerns. Furthermore, the authors document that the firm-specific increase in the proportion of stock awards compared to the proportion of stock options is associated with a firm-specific increase in stock liquidity. Collectively, the analyses suggest that stock liquidity as a measure of stock price informativeness contributes to the choice of CEO equity compensation design.

The purpose of this paper is to reinforce the experiential paradigm from which academics and practitioners currently explain consumer decision making in touristic activities. More specifically, this research brings new insights for understanding consumption experience. The aim is to establish the relationships between experience, satisfaction, destination attachment, and word-of-mouth.

The paper presents a rich literature review on experience concept and its consequences. Besides, a quantitative study was conducted among tourists having chosen a specific destination for their holidays. Data were collected through a questionnaire translated into three languages about a sample of 303 individuals. The methodology consisted of an exploratory phase (SPSS) for establishing scales dimensionality, a structural equation modeling (AMOS) for validating empirically our structural framework, with respect of thresholds and the rigourous analysis methodology.

The research has highlighted consequences of experience related by a trip, such as satisfaction, destination attachment, and word-of-mouth. Indeed, intellectual, emotional, and tribal components of experience are significantly related to satisfaction. Intellectual component is also significantly related to destination attachment, and satisfaction generates attachment and word-of-mouth.

In addition to sample size and study context, it would be interesting to carry out multi-group analyses to observe significant differences in reference to gender, age, or motivation travel. Similarly, observing moderating role of individual variables such as need for cognition, seeking variety, self-exposure, etc., may explain relationship intensity between experience and satisfaction.

The paper intends to give an understanding of experience consequences. It provides to managers in tourism domain, orientations related to communication and strategies’ content and direction.