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The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new method for the design of a pressure sensor in the hyperbaric environment.

The new method focuses on two vital parameters that are closely related to the output and sensitivity of the sensor. The rectangular diaphragm structure is adopted, and the piezoresistors are planted on the surface accordingly. To verify the effect of the method, a contrastive sensor chip is fabricated in a conventional way, and two types of sensor chips are tested at the same time.

The new method for the design of a pressure sensor is advisable and favorable. The sensor fabricated by the method possesses outstanding high sensitivity and a wide measurement range.

This paper provides a new idea for increasing the measurement range of the pressure sensor with an acceptable sacrifice of sensitivity.

A generalized displacement method has been previously presented for the analysis of thin plate‐shell structures with the use of bilinear 4‐node isoparametric shell elements. Following this approach, a procedure for the geometrically non‐linear analysis of thin plates and shells based on both updated and total Lagrangian formulations is developed. The results of some numerical examples are presented to show the versatility and effectiveness of the method.

Two‐noded curved beam elements, CMLC and IMLC, are developed on the basis of Timoshenko’s beam theory and curvilinear co‐ordinates. These elements are developed by the separation of the radial displacement into the bending and the shear deflection and the projection of the shear deflection into bending deflection. In the CMLC element, field‐consistent membrane strain interpolation is adapted for removing the membrane locking. The CMLC element shows the rapid and stable convergence on the wide range of radius, thickness and length of the curved beam. The field‐consistent membrane strain and the separation of radial displacement produce the most efficient linear element possible.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the efficacy of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Xplore digital library search engine to return relevant materials on information visualization pedagogy literature and to recommend search strategies to assist the digital library academic readership improve the efficacy of their search tasks. Furthermore, the results are of interest to general readers using similar digital repositories.

An initial scoping review using EBSCO Discovery services returned the number and accessibility of sources and publications-based various Boolean searches. A revised search strategy focused the search to IEEE publications as the primary source of visualization research. A corpus of keywords were extracted from the 44 relevant articles and analyzed for relevance, keyword trends and contexts of use.

Keyword analysis results show visualization education research is confounded by several information retrieval issues: relevancy, incomplete taxonomy, non-standard lexicon, diverse disciplines and under-representation. Recommendations include: search strategies, alternative digital collections, a potential opportunity for research in information visualization pedagogy to address this gap in an emerging field and the need for more effective interactive tools to assist with keyword selection.

The study focused on the IEEE publications as the primary source of visualization research.

A repository of visualization education research that is easily findable and relevant benefits both faculty using information visualization in their teaching and academics whose work must be disseminated to the broadest audience. Strategic keyword selection, interactive keyword tools or more robust thesaurus will enable IEEE Xplore digital library users to optimize their interaction with the system. Furthermore, results suggest a need for more research in information visualization pedagogy.

This is the only study to uniquely assess the efficacy of the IEEE Xplore digital library database system to retrieve relevant visualization education literature based on keyword search.

This paper aims to propose an enhanced static model of commercial braided pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs), which is fully analytical without the need for experimentally determined parameters.

To address the highly nonlinear issues of PAMs, the enhanced model is derived considering the irregular shapes close to their end-fittings, as well as the elastic energy stored in both their braids and rubber bladders. The hysteresis characteristics of PAMs are also explored by analyzing the friction in the crossovers of the interlacing braided strands, together with that between the strands and their surrounding bladders. The isobaric and isometric experiments of a commercial PAM are conducted to demonstrate the enhancement, and the model accuracy is evaluated and compared with some existing models in terms of root mean square errors (RMSEs). Additionally, the proposed model is simplified to facilitate the applications that entail high computational efficiency.

The proposed model agrees well with the experimental results, which indicates its viability to accurately predict the static behaviors. An overall RMSE of 5.24 N shows that the enhanced model is capable of providing higher accuracy than the existing analytical models, while keeping the modeling cost at a minimum.

The proposed model, taking account of non-cylindrical shapes, elastic energy and friction, succeeds in enhancing the static predictions of commercial PAMs. The fully analytical model may accelerate the development of novel PAM-based robots for high-precision control, while giving a deeper understanding of commercial PAMs.

This paper aims to improve the general circuit of driving and protection based on insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) in dielectric barrier discharge power supply by designing a novel half-bridge inverter circuit with discrete components.

With one SG3524 chip, the structure based on discrete components is used to design the IGBT drive circuit. The driving waveform is isolated and sent out by photo-coupler 6N137. The protection circuit is realized by Hall sensor directly detecting the main circuit current, supplemented by a few components, including diodes, resistors, capacitors and triodes. It improves the reliability of the protection circuit.

In the driving circuit, the phase difference of signals from two channels are 180°. Moreover, when the duty cycle is set at 40%, it can ensure sufficient pulse width modulation response time. In the protection circuit, when over-current occurs, an intermittent output signal is automatically sent out. Furthermore, the over-current response time can be controlled independently. The peak voltage can be adjusted continuously from 0 to 30 kV with its frequency from 8 to 25 kHz and the power output up to 150 W.

The novel circuit of driving and protection makes not only its structure simpler and easier to be realized but also key parameters, such as frequency, the duty cycle and the driving voltage, continuously adjustable. Moreover, the power supply is suitable for other discharges such as corona discharge and jet discharge.

As the application of gamification is gaining great attention and has grown increasingly, thousands of these applications can be easily obtained from mobile phone stores, thus causing intensified competition and discontinuance of use accordingly. Besides, though understanding what factors influence the discontinuance of use of information systems (ISs) is critical for theoretical as well as practical reasons, studies pertaining to the saliency of the final phase, termination of an IS, are still limited. As such, the purpose of this paper is to propose a holistic view to fulfill the above-mentioned research gaps based on the expectation-confirmation model with other salient factors such regret, habit and gamification app values.

The context of a fitness gamification app is investigated. A total of 210 valid responses were received, and structural equation modeling was applied for data analysis.

The findings of this paper are as follows: among all factors influencing discontinuance intention, regret is the strongest, habit is second and gamification is third; among all factors affecting user satisfaction, gamification app value is the strongest, confirmation is second, perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use are third and regret is the last one; for factors influencing users’ habits, satisfaction is the strongest, following by PU and frequency of prior use; confirmation negatively influences the degree of regret; and confirmation positively influences PU.

This study highlights the important determinants influencing users’ discontinuance intentions in the context of gamification apps by incorporating two overlooked factors, regret and habit. Besides, this study suggests that app designers can not only increase user’s perceived value through external cooperation with other alternatives, but can be through internal enhancement with diverse services development as well.

This study aims to investigate the role of aluminium (Al) in marine environment and the corrosion mechanism of galvalume coatings by conducting accelerated experiments and data analysis.

Samples were subjected to accelerated corrosion for 136 days via salt spray tests to simulate the natural conditions of marine environment and consequently accelerate the experiments. Subsequently, the samples were examined using various test methods, such as EDS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the obtained data were analysed.

Galvalume coatings comprised interdigitated zinc (Zn)-rich and dendritic Al-rich phases. Corrosion was observed to begin with a Zn-rich phase. The primary components of the corrosion product film were Al₂O₃ and Zn₅(OH)₈Cl₂·H₂O. It was confirmed that the role of Al was to form a dense protective film, thereby successfully blocking the entry of corrosive media and protecting the iron substrate.

This study provides a clearer understanding of the corrosion mechanism and kinetics of galvalume coatings in a simulated marine environment. In addition, the role of Al, which is rarely mentioned in the literature, was investigated.

In the past, with the development of the internet of things (IoT), this paper aims to consider fog computing (FC) as an efficient accompaniment to the cloud to control the IoT’s information and relation requirements. Wholly, FC is placed carefully around the IoT systems/sensors and develops cloud-based computing, memory and networking devices. Fog shares many similarities with the cloud, but the only difference between them is its location, in which fog devices are very close to end-users to process and respond to the client in less time. On the other hand, this system is useful for real-time flowing programs, sensor systems, and IoT that need high speed and reliable internet connectivity. However, there are many applications such as remote healthcare and medical cyber-physical systems, where low latency is needed. To reduce the latency of FC, the task scheduler plays a vital role. The task scheduling means to devote the task to fog resources in an efficient way. Yet, according to the findings, in spite of the preference of task scheduling techniques in the FC, there is not any review and research in this case. So, this paper offers systematic literature research about the available task scheduling techniques. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages associated with different task scheduling processes are considered, and the main challenges of them are addressed to design a more efficient task scheduler in the future. Additionally, according to the seen facts, future instructions are provided for these studies.

The paper complies with the methodological requirements of systematic literature reviews (SLR). The present paper investigates the newest systems and studies their practical techniques in detail. The applications of task scheduling mechanisms in FC have been categorized into two major groups, including heuristic and meta-heuristic.

Particularly, the replies to the project problem analyzed task scheduling are principal aim, present problems, project terminologies, methods and approaches in the fog settings. The authors tried to design his systematic discussion as precisely as possible. However, it might have still endured various confidence risks.

This study aimed to be comprehensive but there were some limitations. First, the usage of affair scheduling in fog settings are contained in many places such as editorial notes, academic publications, technical writings, Web pages and so on. The published papers in national magazines were omitted. Also, the papers with the purpose of a special task scheduling issue, which probably consider other subjects rather than affair planning issue are omitted. So, in the competence of this study, this systematic analysis must be considered as the studies published in the central international FC journals. Second, the given issues might not have considered the general task scheduling area, which points to the possibility of describing more related questions that could be described. Third, research and publication bias: five confident electronic databases were chosen based on past study experiments. Finally, the numbers show that these five electronic databases must suggest the most related and reliable projects. Yet, selecting all main performing projects has not been confirmed. Probably some effective projects were omitted throughout the processes in Section 3. Different from the conclusion, changing from the search string to the information extraction exists, and the authors tried to exclude this by satisfying the source in central projects.

The results of this survey will be valuable for academicians, and it can provide visions into future research areas in this domain. Moreover, the disadvantages and advantages of the above systems have been studied, and their key issues have been emphasized to develop a more effective task scheduling mechanisms in the FC mechanisms.

It is useful to show the authors the state-of-the-art in the fog task scheduling area. The consequences of this project make researchers provide a more effective task planning approach in fog settings.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the growth kinetics of interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) layer and its effect on the tensile strength of two solder (Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu and Sn0.4Co0.7Cu) joints.

The samples annealed, respectively, at 85, 120 and 150°C up to 1,000 h were tensile tested and their cross‐sections were observed by scanning electron micrography.

The results showed that, for both solder joints, an approximately linear reduction in tensile joint strength with an increase in the IMC layers' thickness occurred. The tensile strength of Cu/Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu solder joints is slightly better than that of Cu/Sn‐0.7Co‐0.4Cu solder joints under analogous aging conditions. In addition, the growth kinetics of the overall interfacial IMC layer in Sn0.4Co0.7Cu solder joints can be simply described by the classical growth kinetic theory for solid‐state diffusion with an activation energy of 2,996.85 J/mol and interdiffusion constant of 4.15×0⁻¹⁷ m²/s which are relatively lower, compared with Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu solder on copper with 14,167.8 J/mol and 65.33×10⁻¹⁷ m²/s, respectively.

The paper is of value in evaluating the growth kinetics of Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu and Sn0.4Co0.7Cu solder joints, and in discussing and contrasting the influence of IMC growth on their tensile strength.