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Article
Publication date: 16 September 2013

Mukesh A. Bulsara, Dhananjay V. Bhatt and Kishore N. Mistry

The purpose of this paper is to present a measurement technique wherein the film thickness is measured in unfired condition for entire stroke length but without impairing the…

464

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a measurement technique wherein the film thickness is measured in unfired condition for entire stroke length but without impairing the original condition of piston ring, liner and lubricant, i.e. non-invasively. Film thickness is measured at different speeds up to 500 rpm. The measurements are initially carried out at near zero speed followed by speeds mentioned above. Measurement highlights the combined effect of variation of bore diameter and ring face profile on the film thickness.

Design/methodology/approach

The film thickness is measured with the help of a set of strain gauges. Four strain gauges are mounted on a sufficiently elastic steel strip which is mounted in a simply supported condition. This assembly of strain gauge is mounted on small rectangular bracket. A cutout is made in the piston to accommodate the bracket. A pin bearing a slot of size sufficient enough to accommodate the piston ring on one side is fixed between the piston ring and the strain gauge assembly. This ensures the transfer of the movement of the piston ring on to the strain gauge. The deflection of the strain gauge is pre-calibrated against a sufficiently accurate dial gauge. Hence any radial movement of the piston ring is sensed by the strain gauge assembly. A data logger unit is connected to the strain gauge output to log the data at every crank angle. A rotary encoder is connected to the crank shaft, to have the correlation of the strain gauge output with the crank angle.

Findings

The technique is capable of measuring oil film thickness for entire stroke at low speeds in unfired engines. The effect of variation in bore diameter on the oil film thickness is significant and hence such measurement can enlighten the path for research to reduce friction. The experimental results of the oil film thickness are in good agreement with predicted values, particularly in the forward stroke (BDC to TDC).

Research limitations/implications

The methodology is not suitable for fired engines as on date but can be taken up as a future work with necessary modifications. It does not take into consideration the effect of elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication.

Practical implications

It can be used to measure OFT between piston ring and liner in unfired engines and reciprocating compressors also.

Social implications

It can help to indentify the areas of research so that the friction between piston ring and liner can be reduced thus increasing efficiency of the engine and reducing fuel consumption and emissions.

Originality/value

The work presented is a part of PhD work under progress at S V National Institute of Technology, Surat, India. The setup is in the college premises and the experiments are conducted on the same.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 65 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

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Article
Publication date: 9 August 2013

Mukesh A. Bulsara, Dhananjay V. Bhatt and Kishore N. Mistry

The aim of this paper is to develop a technique to measure the oil film thickness between piston ring and liner throughout the stroke, without impairing the surface properties of…

380

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to develop a technique to measure the oil film thickness between piston ring and liner throughout the stroke, without impairing the surface properties of the piston ring and liner. Mechanical properties of the piston ring, like ring stiffness, are also not altered. Effect of variation in bore on the movement of piston ring can be studied with the proposed technique.

Design/methodology/approach

The gap Hmin between the cylinder liner and the piston ring is formed due to the hydrodynamic pressure generated by the presence of oil film between piston ring and liner. This gap can be inferred by measuring the movement of the inner surface of piston ring with reference to a sensor mounted on the piston at a fixed distance from the piston ring. The piston ring is connected to the sensor through reasonably rigid member. The underlying assumption here is that there is no elastic deformation of the piston ring due to the hydrodynamic pressure. The fundamental sensor to measure oil film thickness used in this setup is a set of strain gauges.

Findings

It is possible to measure oil film thickness by the proposed arrangement for the entire stroke without changing the surface properties. Mechanical properties of the piston ring, like ring tension, are not affected. The results possibly provide the correct picture of the piston ring movement throughout the stroke. The measurement at near zero speed can give information on the movement of the piston ring due to hydrodynamic action and to the variation in the bore. The measurement is not affected by engine vibrations. The proposed technique can be helpful in validating the theoretical models proposed in the literature.

Originality/value

The measurement is possible only in unfired condition. However, this attempt can be considered as the basis to measure OFT in fired condition with necessary improvements. It is not feasible to measure quantity of lubricant/extent of lubricant on leading or trailing edge of piston. Effect of temperature on the oil film thickness cannot be studied as the engine is not fired. It is assumed that the piston ring does not pass through elasto‐hydrodynamic lubrication regime. Debris/worn out particles in the oil may affect the indicated oil film thickness at local points.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 65 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Available. Open Access. Open Access
Article
Publication date: 25 September 2023

Sutap Kumar Ghosh

This research mainly intends to ascertain the stimulus of investor investment tendencies on the amount of capital investment in the share market.

927

Abstract

Purpose

This research mainly intends to ascertain the stimulus of investor investment tendencies on the amount of capital investment in the share market.

Design/methodology/approach

Utilizing a sample of 477 individual investors who actively trade on the Bangladesh capital market, this empirical study was conducted. The objective of this examination is to ascertain the investment trading behavior of retail investors in the Bangladesh capital market using multiple regression, hypothesis testing and correlation analysis.

Findings

The coefficients of market categories, preferred share price ranges and investment source reveal negative predictor correlations; all predictors are statistically significant, with the exception of investment source. Positive predictive correlations exist between investor category, financial literacy degree, investment duration, emotional tolerance level, risk consideration, investment monitoring activities, internal sentiment and correct investment selection. Except for risk consideration and investment monitoring activities, all components have statistically significant predictions. The quantity of capital invested in the stock market is heavily influenced by the investment duration, preferred share price ranges, investor type, emotional toleration level and decision-making accuracy level.

Research limitations/implications

This investigation was conducted exclusively with Bangladeshi individual stockholders. Therefore, the existing study can be extended to institutional investors and conceivably to other divisions. It is possible to conduct this similar study internationally. And the query can enlarge with more sample size and use a more sophisticated econometric model. Despite that the outcomes of this study help the regulatory authorities to arrange more informative seminars and consciousness programs.

Practical implications

The conclusions have practical implications since they empower investors to modify their portfolios based on elements including share price ranges, investment horizons and emotional stability. To improve chances of success and reach financial objectives, they stress the significance of bettering financial understanding, active monitoring and risk analysis. Results can also be enhanced by distributing ownership over a number of market sectors and price points. The results highlight the value of patience and giving potential returns enough time.

Originality/value

This study on the trading behavior of investors in Bangladesh is unique and based on field study, and the findings of this study will deliver information to the stakeholders of the capital market regarding the investors’ trading behavior belonging to different categories, financial literacy level, investment duration, emotional tolerance level and internal feeling.

Details

LBS Journal of Management & Research, vol. 21 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0972-8031

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Article
Publication date: 16 December 2022

Kinjal Bhargavkumar Mistree, Devendra Thakor and Brijesh Bhatt

According to the Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre (ISLRTC), India has approximately 300 certified human interpreters to help people with hearing loss. This paper…

143

Abstract

Purpose

According to the Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre (ISLRTC), India has approximately 300 certified human interpreters to help people with hearing loss. This paper aims to address the issue of Indian Sign Language (ISL) sentence recognition and translation into semantically equivalent English text in a signer-independent mode.

Design/methodology/approach

This study presents an approach that translates ISL sentences into English text using the MobileNetV2 model and Neural Machine Translation (NMT). The authors have created an ISL corpus from the Brown corpus using ISL grammar rules to perform machine translation. The authors’ approach converts ISL videos of the newly created dataset into ISL gloss sequences using the MobileNetV2 model and the recognized ISL gloss sequence is then fed to a machine translation module that generates an English sentence for each ISL sentence.

Findings

As per the experimental results, pretrained MobileNetV2 model was proven the best-suited model for the recognition of ISL sentences and NMT provided better results than Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) to convert ISL text into English text. The automatic and human evaluation of the proposed approach yielded accuracies of 83.3 and 86.1%, respectively.

Research limitations/implications

It can be seen that the neural machine translation systems produced translations with repetitions of other translated words, strange translations when the total number of words per sentence is increased and one or more unexpected terms that had no relation to the source text on occasion. The most common type of error is the mistranslation of places, numbers and dates. Although this has little effect on the overall structure of the translated sentence, it indicates that the embedding learned for these few words could be improved.

Originality/value

Sign language recognition and translation is a crucial step toward improving communication between the deaf and the rest of society. Because of the shortage of human interpreters, an alternative approach is desired to help people achieve smooth communication with the Deaf. To motivate research in this field, the authors generated an ISL corpus of 13,720 sentences and a video dataset of 47,880 ISL videos. As there is no public dataset available for ISl videos incorporating signs released by ISLRTC, the authors created a new video dataset and ISL corpus.

Details

International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics, vol. 16 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1756-378X

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Article
Publication date: 13 November 2017

Bingjing Lin, A. Kiet Tieu, Hongtao Zhu, Buyung Kosasih and Oyong Novareza

This paper aims to assess the adsorption behaviour and the adhesion strength of lubricant films formed by polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide (PPO-PEO-PPO…

263

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to assess the adsorption behaviour and the adhesion strength of lubricant films formed by polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide (PPO-PEO-PPO) with phosphate ester additive on Ti-coated surface and to identify the influence of molecular architecture and phosphate ester additive.

Design/methodology/approach

The thickness of the adsorbed PPO-PEO-PPO with phosphate ester lubricant films on Ti surfaces was measured by ellipsometry. The adhesion strength of the copolymer and the copolymer with phosphate ester lubricants was studied by the micro-scratch tests; the scratch tracks on the surfaces were observed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy.

Findings

The copolymer with a higher weight percentage of PPO not only formed a thicker film but also showed stronger adhesion and better lubrication performance. The added phosphate ester increased the film thickness and improved the tribological behaviour. The finding reveals that the adsorbed film thickness which depends on the PPO chain length and the presence of phosphate ester has a considerable effect on the scratch behaviour.

Originality/value

This paper fulfils the studies about adsorption behaviour and lubrication mechanism of this new lubricant which has not been adequately investigated on the metal surface.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 69 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

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Article
Publication date: 23 May 2023

I. Aliyu, S.M. Sapuan, E.S. Zainudin, M.Y.M. Zuhri and Y. Ridwan

The conflicting results on the corrosion characteristics of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with agrarian waste have stimulated an investigation on the hardness and…

45

Abstract

Purpose

The conflicting results on the corrosion characteristics of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with agrarian waste have stimulated an investigation on the hardness and corrosion rate of sugar palm fibre ash (SPFA) reinforced LM26 Al/alloy composite by varying the SPFA from 0 to 10 wt% in an interval of 2 wt%. This paper aims to discuss the aforementioned issue.

Design/methodology/approach

The composites were produced via stir-casting and the hardness was determined using a Vickers hardness testing machine, corrosion rate was examined through the weight loss method by immersion in 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) at temperatures of 303, 318, and 333 K for the maximum duration of 120 h. The morphological study was conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) on the samples before and after immersion in HCl.

Findings

The incorporation of SPFA improved the hardness of the alloy from 58.22 to 93.62 VH after 10 wt% addition. The corrosion rate increases with increased content of SPFA, the concentration of HCl and temperature. The least corrosion rate of 0.0272 mpy was observed for the LM26 Al alloy in 0.5 M after 24 h while the highest corrosion rate of 0.8511 mpy was recorded for LM26 Al/10 wt% SPFA in 1.5 M HCl acid after 120 h. The SEM image of corroded samples revealed an increased number of pits with increased SPFA content.

Research limitations/implications

The work is limited to SPFA up to 10 wt% as reinforcement in LM26 Al alloy, the use of HCl as corrosion medium, temperatures in the range of 303–333 K, and a weight loss method were used to evaluate the corrosion rate.

Originality/value

The corrosion rate was determined for LM26 Al/SPFA composites with various amounts of SPFA in 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 M HCl at 303, 318 and 333 K and compared with the matrix alloy.

Details

Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures, vol. 19 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1573-6105

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Article
Publication date: 15 September 2023

Chen Jiang, Ekene Paul Odibelu and Guo Zhou

This paper aims to investigate the performance of two novel numerical methods, the face-based smoothed finite element method (FS-FEM) and the edge-based smoothed finite element…

112

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the performance of two novel numerical methods, the face-based smoothed finite element method (FS-FEM) and the edge-based smoothed finite element method (ES-FEM), which employ linear tetrahedral elements, for the purpose of strength assessment of a high-speed train hollow axle.

Design/methodology/approach

The calculation of stress for the wheelset, comprising an axle and two wheels, is facilitated through the application of the European axle strength design standard. This standard assists in the implementation of loading and boundary conditions and is exemplified by the typical CRH2 high-speed train wheelset. To evaluate the performance of these two methods, a hollow cylinder cantilever beam is first used as a benchmark to compare the present methods with other existing methods. Then, the strength analysis of a real wheelset model with a hollow axle is performed using different numerical methods.

Findings

The results of deflection and stress show that FS-FEM and ES-FEM offer higher accuracy and better convergence than FEM using linear tetrahedral elements. ES-FEM exhibits a superior performance to that of FS-FEM using linear tetrahedral elements, showing accuracy and convergence close to FEM using hexahedral elements.

Originality/value

This study channels the novel methods (FS-FEM and ES-FEM) in the static stress analysis of a railway wheelset. Based on the careful testing of FS-FEM and ES-FEM, both methods hold promise as more efficient tools for the strength analysis of complex railway structures.

Details

Engineering Computations, vol. 40 no. 9/10
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0264-4401

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Abstract

Subject area

Marketing strategy.

Study level/applicability

The course is well suited for MBA and Executive MBA class on Strategic Management, Marketing Strategy, Brand Management, Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Change in emerging economies. The case can also be taught to senior undergraduate students to explore the issues mentioned in the case as an integrative case for courses like Strategic Management and Marketing Strategy.

Case overview

Niyogi Books had positioned itself as an independent publishing house with a focus on the niche area of trade books. Due to the internet, digitalization and globalization the dynamics of the book publishing industry had changed considerably, and the company needed to think and reflect on its current position and future strategy. Niyogi Books had added new products and new markets along with other innovations to succeed in the business of publishing. But the way ahead for Niyogi Books was to innovate in light of fast-paced technological advancement. The company needed to balance the digitization of content as well as retailing with its existing print strategy. A related issue is the need to plan an innovative and cost-effective communication strategy to boost sales.

Expected learning outcomes

The learning outcomes are as follows: analyze the business environment of the publishing industry, realize the need for a branding strategy for small business and apply communication strategies single/multi-channel setting, understand the need of an organization to purposefully adapt an organization’s (self-) resource base (management capability to effectively coordinate and redeploy internal and external competences) and analyze the role of a growth strategy and how it can be used to devise a product/marketing strategy.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code

CSS 11: Strategy.

Details

Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, vol. 7 no. 1
Type: Case Study
ISSN: 2045-0621

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