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The purpose of this paper is to optimize and improve a bipolar charge transport (BCT) model used to simulate charge dynamics in insulating polymer materials, specifically low-density polyethylene (LDPE).

An optimization algorithm is applied to optimize the BCT model by comparing the model outputs with experimental data obtained using two kinds of measurements: space charge distribution using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method and current measurements in nonstationary conditions.

The study provides an optimal set of parameters that offers a good correlation between model outputs and several experiments conducted under varying applied fields. The study evaluates the quantity of charges remaining inside the dielectric even after 24 h of short circuit. Moreover, the effects of increasing the electric field on charge trapping and detrapping rates are addressed.

This study only examined experiments with different applied electric fields, and thus the obtained parameters may not suit the experimental outputs if the experimental temperature varies. Further improvement may be achieved by introducing additional experiments or another source of measurements.

This work provides a unique set of optimal parameters that best match both current and charge density measurements for a BCT model in LDPE and demonstrates the use of trust region reflective algorithm for parameter optimization. The study also attempts to evaluate the equations used to describe charge trapping and detrapping phenomena, providing a deeper understanding of the physics behind the model.

The aim of this conceptual paper is to define Halal tourism based on the current practices and to explore the available innovative business opportunities in Halal travel industry that could be exploited by Halal entrepreneurs.

Critical assessment in Halal tourism literature is used to define Halal tourism and to link between Halal entrepreneurship and Halal tourism to explore innovative marketing opportunities for entrepreneurs.

New Halal tourism definition is suggested based on the current practices in this field. The paper also provided new prospects for Halal Entrepreneurs that could enable them to start new ventures in Halal tourism industry.

This study provides new theoretical and practical contribution in Halal tourism and Halal entrepreneurship. The findings could help tourism operators, Halal entrepreneurs to introduce Halal tourism products and services for catering Muslim traveler needs.