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The purpose of this paper is to analytically perform gaseous slip flow and heat transfer analysis within a parallel-plate microchannel partially filled with a centered porous medium under local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) condition. Heat transfer of gaseous flow in a porous microchannel is analytically studied. Energy communication at the porous-fluid interface is considered by two approaches: the gas rarefaction negatively impacts the heat transfer performance, and the optimum ratio of porous thickness is found to be around 0.8.

Both Models A and B are utilized to consider the heat flux splitting for the fluid and solid phases at the porous-fluid interface.

Analytical solutions for the fluid and solid phase temperature distributions and the Nusselt number are derived. In the no-slip flow limit, the present analytical solutions are validated by the partially and fully filled cases available in the literature.

The continuum flow (no-slip flow) is only a special case of the slip flow. Meanwhile, the effects of pertinent parameters on the heat transfer are also discussed.

A survey of available literature mentioned above indicates a shortage of information for slip flow and heat transfer in partially filled porous systems. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the slip flow and heat transfer characteristics for forced convection through a microchannel partially filled with a porous medium under LTNE condition. The porous substrate is placed at the center of the microchannel. Analytical solutions for the temperature distributions of the fluid and solid phases and the Nusselt number at the microchannel wall are obtained.

Heat transfer of gaseous flow in a porous microchannel is analytically studied. Energy communication at the porous-fluid interface is considered by two approaches: the gas rarefaction negatively impacts the heat transfer performance, and the optimum ratio of porous thickness is found to be around 0.8. Gaseous slip flow and heat transfer analysis is analytically performed within a parallel-plate microchannel partially filled with a centered porous medium under LTNE condition. Analytical solutions for the fluid and solid phase temperature distributions and the Nusselt number are derived for the first time. The effects of pertinent parameters on the heat transfer are also discussed. Compared with the results obtained for the continuum flow regime, the gas rarefaction negatively impacts the heat transfer efficiency and has little influence on the optimal porous thickness.

The purpose of this paper is to: summarize the major research that has been conducted regarding cross‐cultural issues in China; show the current practices on cross‐cultural management in Chinese organizations; and then identify future research needs on cross‐cultural management in China.

Meta‐analysis was carried out to summarize research of cross‐cultural management in China.

Empirical studies on cross‐cultural management in China have been conducted since the 1990s, and numerous empirical studies have been done in the past two decades across different level of constructs and practices (individual, group and organization). Among all the intercultural research concerning China, there are mainly two common types: the first type focuses on foreign managers and employees, center on their adjustment and performance in Chinese culture; and the second type of study examines Chinese who work with these foreigners in the multinational management setting. Furthermore, in recent years, emphases have been shifted from examining the effects of culture on single variables to examining the relationships among same and different level of variables.

Systematic conceptual model development and assessment of important topics are in great need. Although there is an increasing amount of comparative studies being done in China, very few studies have been conducted to study Chinese firms that are doing business abroad, which represents one of the most critical problems in the field of cross‐cultural management research in China. Most studies focus on cultural value identification and practical issues in Western global companies, which is concerned with comparison between Eastern and Western culture. Research should be conducted to study cultural differences among eastern countries, for example, countries in Asia.

Future cross‐culture management practices in China should follow several basic principles: be applicable, that is, build unique organizational culture that is embedded in the host country; be practical, since there is no well‐developed multinational culture in China, new culture should be concerned with both sides; be systematic, cross‐culture management practices should have supporting system; be equal, no single culture is better than another; cultural penetration, two different cultures have mutual impact; merit‐based appointment and promotion, use local personnel, not just talents from the home country. In Chinese settings, the most common cross‐cultural management interventions include: cross‐cultural training, cross‐cultural communication system and unified organizational culture.

This paper comprehensively reviews the research and practices on cross‐cultural management in China; identifies topics that have been studied in individual, group and organizational level. Implications on cross‐cultural selection, training are provided based research evidence.

According to very small dimensions of the microchannels, producing a microchannel with smooth surfaces is approximately impossible. The surface roughness can have a specific effect on microchannel performances. This paper aims to investigate the changes in friction and pressure drop in the microchannels by considering the different roughness elements on microchannel wall and changes in elementary geometry and flow conditions. Results show a significant effect of roughness on the pressure drop and friction.

Two-dimensional fluid flow in the rough microchannels is analyzed using FLUENT. Microchannels have a height of 50 µm. Water at room temperature (25°C) has been used as working fluid. The Reynolds numbers are considered in laminar flow range and from 50 to 300.

The results show that the value of friction factor reduces nonlinearly with an increase in Reynolds number. But, the pressure drops and the Poiseuille number in the microchannels increase with an increase in Reynolds number. The values of the pressure drop and the friction factor increase by increasing the height and size of the roughness elements, but these values reduce with an increase in the distance of roughness elements.

The roughness elements types in this research are rectangular, trapezoidal, elliptical, triangular and complex (composed of multiple types of roughness elements). The effects of the Reynolds number, roughness height, roughness distance and roughness size on the pressure drop and friction in the rough microchannels are investigated and discussed. Furthermore, differences between the effects of five types of roughness elements are identified.