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The purpose of this paper is to investigate effects on global supply chain reconfigured in the customs duty rate of parts and specific material types brought about by Brexit and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).

The supply chain network is modeled and formulated using mixed integer programming. Numerical experiments are conducted using bill of materials with information such as the procurement cost of each part, 3D-CAD and an industry census.

The experiments indicates that if the customs duty rate increases by Brexit, manufacturers would be necessary to restructure supply chain configuration and locate the domestic factory and market. Additionally, when the UK leaves the EU and joins the TPP, there is a case where the total cost decreases in the global supply chain network compared to the baseline without Brexit. Therefore, it is reasonable for the UK to join the TPP.

The study shows how new trading rules from non-partnership countries can critically disrupt existing global supply chain equilibrium. Asian manufacturers should evaluate a move to more local sourcing, opening new facilities and setting up warehouses to stock finished goods or raw materials in different trading areas to overcome any barriers to the goods movement.

This study enables us to quantitatively evaluate what there are opportunities or cost increasing risks by the selection of supply chain configuration for Asian manufacturers by political and economic factors of each country, such as Brexit and participation in TPP.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the wealth effect of involuntary delisting and investigate insider opportunism and the role of corporate governance, liquidity and legal environment in involuntary delisting in Japan’s stock market.

The authors use a sample of 136 involuntarily delisted firms in Japan’s stock markets between 2002 and 2012. The authors examine ownership changes of inside shareholders prior to delisting and estimate regression models for the wealth effect of involuntary delisting.

Involuntary delisting is highly disruptive in Japan, and limited liquidity of delisted stocks appears to be an important cause. However, the ownership reduction of inside shareholders before delisting is limited, totaling 2–3 percent. For delisted firms with an insider bank, the decrease in share price leading up to a delisting announcement is much less, while the decrease in share price upon a delisting announcement is far greater.

The study investigates involuntary delisting in regard to the opportunistic behavior of inside shareholders and the role of institutional environment in Japan’s stock market. Insiders, especially insider banks, maintain ownership in a distressful context leading to the forcible delisting of a distressed firm. The authors find some evidence that suggests that the market believes the insider bank will try to prevent the ailing firm’s insolvency. The findings are consistent with the implicit relational contracts that characterize Japanese firms.

This paper investigates the evolving landscape of architectural criticism in the digital era, leveraging the enduring interplay between architecture and media. It specifically examines the role of social media and public awards in improving user engagement with architectural discourse.

A mixed-method approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative analyses, is used to discuss three architecture awards. These are chosen for their different evaluation processes and their capacity to offer diverse opportunities for public interaction and engagement.

The study emphasises the potential of social media to democratise architectural criticism, while also addressing challenges such as the prominence of non-critical visual material and the presence of algorithmic biases. The findings underline the importance of providing adequate materials for public evaluation and integrating expert juries to support the assessment process. These elements are essential to fostering informed public participation, bridging the gap between professional expertise and popular engagement, and enabling meaningful architectural discourse on social media.

This paper fills a gap in the academic literature by connecting public architectural awards – a relatively unexplored aspect of architectural culture – with the potential of social media as a platform for architectural criticism.