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Although as an example of “moonlighting” public house entertainment can be categorised as part of the irregular economy, all these terms tend to lose their rigour when confronted with the complexity of empirical reality. The occupational status of public house entertainers differs greatly (for some, a second/part‐time occupation, for others, their only occupation), and shifts in status are common. An important benchmark in such careers is the point at which performers turn professional, but this status‐passage is usually informal and is influenced by the individual's evaluation of their day‐job, perception of professionals‘ lives, availability of opportunities, and commitment to entertaining. Twin job‐holding activity demonstrates a rich occupational complexity, and the balance between two jobs, in such performers’ lives, is liable to change, as are the reasons for participation.

A clear theoretical understanding of the social production of unemployment is needed if the causal links between health and unemployment are to be illuminated. Such an approach is outlined using a theoretical perspective of classical Marxism which views unemployment as centrally linked to the capitalist mode of production. The present extent of unemployment may lead to a general undermining of the health of the population, both unemployed and working, via the overall reduction of the real social wage, unemployment benefits and concomitant lower nutritional levels and the increase of psychological stress. These effects can be mediated by the actions of the state, whose social security, health and welfare systems need to be analysed in conjunction with the underlying economic mode of production. The unemployment category is made up of different sub‐groups, e.g. women, ethnic groups and the disabled. The causal links between unemployment and health in these groups will differ. Interaction effects on the health of the unemployed's family are noted. A more theoretically‐based approach to the question of health and unemployment is needed.

In this chapter, we explore the lived experiences of transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) prisoners, arguably the most vulnerable minority in the prison estate, using the data from our correspondence study with transgender women and non-binary individuals incarcerated in male establishments in England and Wales. We provide a brief review of the extant literature, describe the English prison system and the regulations concerning transgender prisoners, and analyze two axes of vulnerability of TGNC prisoners: social (stemming from relationships between prisoners) and institutional (resulting from the prison regime). Along the social axes, we find, in contrast with prior research, that our respondents defied the stereotypes of trans prisoners as submissive to males in a hypermasculine prison society and as involved primarily in abusive relationships. Along the institutional axes, we find that, despite the progressive by international standards transgender prison regulations, prisoners were subject to vicissitudes in treatment that negatively affected their ability to express their gender and their health. Focusing on access to gender-affirming items (clothing, prosthetics, make-up) and gender-affirming medical treatment, we develop recommendations for the prison service that could improve the conditions of confinement for TGNC prisoners.

One recent direction for leadership research has been the use of purely qualitative data and qualitative analysis. One analytical method used in this phenomenological research has been the full grounded theory method. That method has generated social process theories about leadership in organizational settings. The present research operationalizes those theories into questionnaire format. This operationalized work gives support to a one-factor model for social processes of leadership (SPL) in organizations. It also identifies four lower-order social processes of leadership. Concurrent validity is concluded from a high correlation with Bass & Avolio’s and Podsakoff’s transformational leadership constructs. The correlations are so high that the SPL scale might be tapping the same underlying construct as transformational leadership. The augmentation effect of transformational leadership over (transactional) management is also supported. Support has been obtained for ongoing grounded theory-based research into the social processes of leadership and influence, and related phenomena, in organizations.

The purpose of this paper is to review and highlight key findings, themes and ideas from selected published academic papers on mentoring in education, with a specific focus on how mentoring can foster the professional learning and development of educators at all stages of their professional development.

The author conducted a literature review of all the papers published in the International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, from Volume 1, Issue 1 (2012) to Volume 4, Issue 4 (2015), that contained the word “mentoring” in either the title, abstract and/or keywords and with a discussion of mentoring in the main text. In total, 37 papers were analysed in order to create a meta-synthesis of the primary findings.

The findings present factors that foster mentoring success or failure. The purposes and components of mentoring programmes are diverse and contextually bound. Additionally, there is a tendency to view mentoring as a developmental relationship in which the mentor shares knowledge and expertise to support the mentee’s learning and professional development.

As this meta-synthesis literature review is focussed on articles published in a single journal on mentoring, it has limited scope. However, the range of countries in which the authors of the reviewed empirical studies reside (13 countries), and the diversity of papers included in this review allowed the author to summarize and synthesize unique information for researchers and practitioners who are seeking to understand the process, outcomes and issues related to mentoring for the professional development of educators.

The review provides information for those seeking to study and implement mentoring programmes. It focusses on mentoring for professional development of educators, identifies primary concepts in the literature reviewed and highlights new research areas in mentoring in education.

This literature review discusses mentoring definitions from 37 different papers and contributes important knowledge to produce a picture of the intricacy of mentoring. Complex issues linked with mentoring are addressed, generating a critical systematization of mentoring research likely to have a lasting influence in the field.

In the United States research undertaken by Birch (1979) produced the notable finding that firms employing fewer than 20 employees accounted for 66% of all net new jobs in the US between 1969 and 1976. The publication of this study combined with the development of the UK ‘enterprise culture’ (Kirby and Mullen, 1991) led to an impetus for further research in the UK which has been well chronicled by Curran (1986). Birch's findings have, to a certain extent, been replicated in the UK with Doyle and Gallagher (1986) noting that approximately one million jobs were created through small firms and self employment from 1982 to 1984. In a European context Storey and Johnson's review of the European research on job generation (Storey and Johnson, 1987a) noted that, with only one exception, small firms experienced positive employment growth, whereas larger firms suffered a loss on employment.

In the agri-food industries, particular importance is given to distribution. Indeed, maintaining good relationships with distributors is a necessity for industries seeking sound marketing performance. In this context, Moroccan agri-food companies recognize the importance of developing customer loyalty. They focus on maintaining good relationships based on trust with their distributors. Considerable research has investigated trust in business-to-business (B-to-B) relationships; however, research in the agri-food industry needs further investigation. Indeed, some past research studied the effect of benevolence on loyalty (Chen, 2008; Rampl, Eberhardt, Schütte & Kenning, 2012) but they ignored studying the effect on two types of loyalty – attitudinal and behavioral – in agri-food industries.

The paper here contributes to the literature in a number of meaningful ways. First, we explore loyalty strategies used by agri-food industries to maintain distributors. This enables us to better understand how trust can boost agri-food B-to-B relationships and distributor’s loyalty. We also investigate exactly the trust dimension (benevolence; credibility) that affects more loyalty in the agri-food industry. A better understanding of the trust dimension should provide practical guidelines as to how to facilitate loyalty in B-to-B relationships. In addition, we test the two dimensions of loyalty and the importance of the attitudinal one. Using structural equation modeling to analyze data, our findings confirm the importance of benevolence in relationships between Moroccan agri-food industries and their distributors. Indeed, the results explain that the development of customer loyalty is influenced by the development of benevolence in relationships with distributors, especially on attitudinal loyalty.