Andreas Gagel, Christian M¨ller and Karl Schulte
The stiffness and damage evolution in a quasi‐static tensile loaded non‐crimp fabric reinforced epoxy was measured. To determine the effective stiffness of the damaged material…
Abstract
The stiffness and damage evolution in a quasi‐static tensile loaded non‐crimp fabric reinforced epoxy was measured. To determine the effective stiffness of the damaged material numerically a finite element analysis was performed. The finite element analysis bases solely on the measured ±45° and 90°‐ crack densities and on ply properties calculated by the Rule of Mixtures. The measured and calculated effective tensile stiffness were compared and a fair agreement could be found.
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Karl‐Werner Schulte, Nico Rottke and Christoph Pitschke
German real estate markets used to show little transparency in the past. This has changed over the last 15 years. The purpose of this study therefore is to examine the current…
Abstract
Purpose
German real estate markets used to show little transparency in the past. This has changed over the last 15 years. The purpose of this study therefore is to examine the current state of transparency.
Design/methodology/approach
The study investigates and discusses the concept of transparency in general, availability of private and public market data, major real estate investment products, performance measurement, changes in the regulatory environment and the emergence of organizations and publications. The findings of this study are obtained in a comparative manner: The transparency status of the 1990s in the different areas researched is compared to the current German and other international standards. The authors describe the relatively opaque German real estate market as it was at the beginning of the 1990s and show how it has improved to date.
Findings
The results show that transparency in the German real estate market has noticeably improved in all researched areas. But still, compared with the USA or the UK, the German real estate industry and real estate market still lack transparency and are characterized by information asymmetries and opaqueness.
Originality/value
The results indicate that the German real estate market and industry become more mature and bit by bit converge with their US and UK archetype.
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Investigates the role of investment and finance in real estate education and researches the programs of the conferences of the American Real Estate Society (ARES), the European…
Abstract
Investigates the role of investment and finance in real estate education and researches the programs of the conferences of the American Real Estate Society (ARES), the European Real Estate Society (ERES), held in the years 1999, 2000 and 2001, and the program of the International Real Estate Society (IRES) World Congress 2001. To give a structure to the different topics of hundreds of papers, the interdisciplinary approach is taken as a framework visualised by the “House of real estate economics”. The paper comes to the conclusion that real estate investment and finance play an important role which is supposed to decrease in the future.
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Following calls at different times in the United States for the definition of the body of knowledge (BOK) of real estate discipline, this briefing sets out to define the…
Abstract
Purpose
Following calls at different times in the United States for the definition of the body of knowledge (BOK) of real estate discipline, this briefing sets out to define the intellectual boundaries of real estate and applies the definitional concept to map out the scopes of real estate professions and real estate valuation vocation
Design/methodology/approach
The study essentially uses a literature review to draw out definitional issues that have been tackled before. It reviews calls that have been made in the past for a definition of the BOK of the real estate discipline. Further, it reviews past attempts at definition to reveal why they failed at the definition project.
Findings
The study found three key suggestions made in the past: that there is a need to define real estate’s BOK, that there is a need to use a “central structure” to define the BOK of real estate, and that definition of the BOK of real estate should rely on the activity nodes that constitute real estate. The study has relied on these three key ideas to define real estate as the science of value creation, distribution and sustenance in built space.
Practical implications
The definition of the BOK will help in curriculum development for real estate education. It will help faculties and departments to single out what fits into the real estate curriculum and what does not fit in.
Originality/value
A definition of the BOK for real estate: reconceptualizing the discipline and delineating jurisdictional boundaries of its practice.