K. Venu, N. Subramanyan and K.S.G. Doss
In a critical range of concentrations of chloride ions in sodium hydroxide solutions, mild steel can be anodically polarised, but the polarised state cannot be maintained. It is…
Abstract
In a critical range of concentrations of chloride ions in sodium hydroxide solutions, mild steel can be anodically polarised, but the polarised state cannot be maintained. It is, however, found that the polarised state can be restored by cutting off the current for a minimum amount of time or by substituting a purely inhibitive solution for the original corrosive solution. The anodic potential accelerates the depassivation caused by chloride ions. It has been observed that cathodic polarisation is only as effective as interruption of the anodic current in restoring the polarised state. The results are discussed in relation to the occurrence of depassivation at a few random spots, and the significance of the results is pointed out from the point of view of the technique for finding out the corrosive or inhibitive character of an environment.
S. Guruviah and K.S. Rajagopalan
Use of aluminium is coming into vogue in the canning industry. However, the very much higher cost of aluminium than tin plate inhibits the scope for substitution of tin plate by…
Abstract
Use of aluminium is coming into vogue in the canning industry. However, the very much higher cost of aluminium than tin plate inhibits the scope for substitution of tin plate by aluminium. It is therefore of interest to examine whether steel coated with aluminium by any of the known methods is suitable for manufacture of containers for canned products. Aluminium‐coated steel can be considered only if the coating has a more negative potential than the base metal. In a study of the behaviour of sprayed aluminium coatings on mild steel in sodium chloride solutions at different pHs, Ross has pointed out that sprayed aluminium (99.5%) is more negative than steel in neutral and alkaline solutions. In this paper, the potential relationships between steel, steel sprayed with aluminium, and aluminised steel in some organic acids commonly present in food stuffs are discussed.
The performance of commercial aluminium as a sacrificial anode for cathodic protection of mild steel in 0.3% sodium chloride has been studied in alkaline compositions for anolyte…
Abstract
The performance of commercial aluminium as a sacrificial anode for cathodic protection of mild steel in 0.3% sodium chloride has been studied in alkaline compositions for anolyte based on slaked lime. The influence of several addition agents has been investigated with a view to suppressing local cell action in the above‐mentioned environment.
R. Seshadri, P.L. Annamalai and K.S. Rajagopalan
Steel, stainless steel, clad steel, and aluminium are used in the transport and handling of chlorosulphonic acid, which is used as a sulphonating agent in the manufacture of…
Abstract
Steel, stainless steel, clad steel, and aluminium are used in the transport and handling of chlorosulphonic acid, which is used as a sulphonating agent in the manufacture of synthetic drugs and as a warfare chemical. The choice of the appropriate material of construction for tank wagons and handling equipment depends upon the rate of corrosion of these materials in chlorosulphonic acid. Experiments show that corrosion can vary widely depending upon the percentage of chlorosulphonic acid present.
Many instruments have been developed to measure the perceived luxuriousness of brands, but one of the most frequently used scales is the “brand luxury index” (BLI) from Vigneron…
Abstract
Purpose
Many instruments have been developed to measure the perceived luxuriousness of brands, but one of the most frequently used scales is the “brand luxury index” (BLI) from Vigneron and Johnson (2004) that distinguishes between high- and low-luxury brands. Despite its popularity and widespread use in academic research, the scale's psychometric properties and equivalence across cultures have been questioned. Recently, modified versions of the scale have been developed to strengthen the quality of the measurement. However, the performance and the measurement invariance of the modified version have not yet been investigated. The current paper aims to test the model fit of the modified BLI scale and the measurement invariance across gender, age and country groups using nine datasets from a total of three different countries.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper conducts a multi-group CFA to examine the measurement invariance of the BLI scale. Nine datasets were used in this study. The data were collected across three countries, the United States (5 datasets), China (2 datasets) and India (2 datasets) from 2016 to 2018.
Findings
The results of this analysis suggest that the modified BLI scale has an acceptable model fit and can be interpreted equivalently across gender and age groups. Metric invariance was found among the US, China and India. However, scalar measurement invariance was established only across two countries: the US and India. A follow-up analysis shows that partial scalar invariance can be established across the US, China and India when removing constraints on the parameters of three items: exclusive, precious and sophisticated.
Originality/value
This study is the first study to test the model fit of the modified BLI scale. The findings of this paper contribute to both the academia and industry. The authors recommend scholars and marketers to use a modified 19-item BLI scale to measure the perceived luxuriousness of brands in future research. First, the modified BLI scale tested in the current study offers very good performance with model fit values of a quality that has rarely been seen in prior research. The original scale of Vigneron and Johnson (2004) has been criticized for its poor model fit (Christodoulides et al., 2009). The modified scale of Doss and Robinson (2013) also has problems with the fit value. Second, the modified 19-item scale also shows adequate measurement invariance across different gender, age and countries. For scholars and marketers, the establishment of the metric invariance of the modified 19-item BLI scale implies that the scale can be used across gender, age and countries (the US, China and India) if the purpose of the study is to understand the relationship between some variables and perceived luxuriousness of a brand.
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Purpose – A decade after the heinous act of moral turpitude at Virginia Tech, this chapter examines considerations of deterrence and mitigation for campus violence, and discusses…
Abstract
Purpose – A decade after the heinous act of moral turpitude at Virginia Tech, this chapter examines considerations of deterrence and mitigation for campus violence, and discusses the arming of campus police.
Design/methodology/approach – This chapter incorporates campus violence from a phenomenological perspective.
Findings – This chapter highlights the notion that no universal panacea exists toward abating violence among higher education settings. However, various preventive and control strategies may be employed to support the long-term campus safety initiatives of higher education institutions.
Originality/value – This chapter provides a commentary regarding preventive strategies, control strategies, and policy considerations for higher education institutions. It emphasizes the notion that all higher educations are unique, and must craft their own individual policies that satisfy the requirements of their specific situations.
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Adam J. Vanhove, Tiffany Brutus and Kristin A. Sowden
In recent years, a wide range of psychosocial health interventions have been implemented among military service members and their families. However, there are questions over the…
Abstract
In recent years, a wide range of psychosocial health interventions have been implemented among military service members and their families. However, there are questions over the evaluative rigor of these interventions. We conducted a systematic review of this literature, rating each relevant study (k = 111) on five evaluative rigor scales (type of control group, approach to participant assignment, outcome quality, number of measurement time points, and follow-up distality). The most frequently coded values on three of the five scales (control group type, participant assignment, and follow-up distality) were those indicating the lowest level of operationally defined rigor. Logistic regression results indicate that the evaluative rigor of intervention studies has largely remained consistent over time, with exceptions indicating that rigor has decreased. Analyses among seven military sub-populations indicate that interventions conducted among soldiers completing basic training, soldiers returning from combat deployment, and combat veterans have had, on average, the greatest evaluative rigor. However, variability in mean scores across evaluative rigor scales within sub-populations highlights the unique methodological hurdles common to different military settings. Recommendations for better standardizing the intervention evaluation process are discussed.
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This chapter examines how Maragoli women farmers’ plot-level crop control, individual, and household variables affect yields. This chapter contributes to a holistic understanding…
Abstract
Purpose
This chapter examines how Maragoli women farmers’ plot-level crop control, individual, and household variables affect yields. This chapter contributes to a holistic understanding of the ramifications of quantitative and qualitative factors informing women farmers’ plot-level undertakings and yields as well as their innovative and creative strategies for optimizing output. It broadens the existing debate in the sub-Saharan African agricultural production literature by suggesting a composite measure of plot-level crop control as one factor influencing women farmers’ yields even in situations where land is owned by someone else. It also provides a rich discussion of the various and interlocking qualitative factors distorting women farmers’ incentive structures, efforts to increase plot-level yields and their strategies for minimizing the detrimental effects of the same.
Methodology/approach
A multimethod quantitative and qualitative ethnographic case study approach was used in this study.
Findings
This chapter demonstrates that women strategically bargained and invested more of their productive resources on the plots where they anticipated the greatest individual gains.
Practical implications
This chapter underscores women farmers’ ability to boost agricultural output when there are appropriate incentives for them to do so and suggests the theoretical and practical relevance of secure control and property rights over the products of the land not for the household (head), but for the cultivator. The chapter demonstrates and reaffirms that Africa women farmers respond appropriately to incentives and suggests that there is need for a customized, renewed, and sustained emphasis on women farmers’ empowerment and inclusion in all levels in the agricultural sector in order to actualize increased yields. Investing in women farmers and implementing policies that narrow existing gender disparities in African agricultural production systems is holistically beneficial.
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Thomas A. Baker III, Kevin K. Byon and Natasha T. Brison
The purpose of this paper is to determine whether negative meanings consumers attribute to a corporation transfer to the endorser and to examine the moderating effects of…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to determine whether negative meanings consumers attribute to a corporation transfer to the endorser and to examine the moderating effects of corporate-specific and product-specific negative meanings on an endorser’s credibility.
Design/methodology/approach
Following a protocol designed by Till and Shimp (1998), two experiments were conducted to examine if meaning transfer exists (experiment 1) and if meaning type moderates reverse meaning transfer (experiment 2). A doubly repeated multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to investigate changes in the endorser’s credibility and attitudes toward the brand.
Findings
The results revealed that the negative meanings consumers associated with these corporate crises influence consumer perceptions of the endorser as well as attitude toward the brand.
Research limitations/implications
This finding supports the position that meaning type moderates reverse meaning transfer and may explain variances in the literature on the significance of reverse meaning transfer. Based on these findings, brand crises have a negative effect on the endorser’s credibility.
Practical implications
The results lead the authors to suggest that endorsers as well as marketers should closely scrutinize brand partnerships, as the relationship may positively and negatively influence consumer perceptions of the athlete endorser.
Social implications
Based on the findings from this study, brand managers need to appreciate differences in brand crisis type by tailoring brand image remediation strategies to fit the type(s) of meaning(s) associated with a specific controversy.
Originality/value
The results from the current study add, significantly, to the literature by being the first to evidence that different meanings associated with different types of brand crises produce different attitudes toward the brand.