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A total of 94 food handlers working at 25 premises in the city of Bradford were examined to determine the prevalence of carriage of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on their hands. A total of 50 clerical workers who did not handle food on a professional basis were recruited as controls. All subjects made palmar impressions on 225mm² plates containing modified cefixime‐tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar. In contrast with earlier studies, which examined only abattoir workers, none of the food‐handlers or controls in this investigation carried the bacterium on their hands.

Food has only recently been implicated as the major culprit in human acquisition of listeriosis. Procedures need to be developed for its control, notably cleanliness, and the specific problems associated with this bacterium – for instance the incubation period of between five days and six weeks – are discussed.

The technological developments in mass catering need to remain under close microbiological and epidemiological scrutiny. There is, however, no evidence at present to suggest that cook‐chill catering is less safe than conventional catering methods and an increasing body of evidence to suggest the opposite.

Investigates the conditions surrounding the spread of the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes and the implications for food safety, including cook‐chill food production, temperature, contamination and storage. Concludes that food can never be made entirely microbiologically safe but the risks can be minimized.

Some of the disadvantages of the cook‐chill method of catering are described. The technique has been developed in a haphazard and rather unscientific manner and, although becoming increasingly widespread, serious doubts are cast on its safety vis‐á‐vis health.

This paper aims to examine how and why consumers respond to chief executive officer (CEO) activism on social media. The authors developed a conceptual model that proposes impression management as a mechanism for consumer response to CEO activism.

In Study 1a, the authors examined 83,259 tweets from 90 CEOs and compared consumer responses between controversial and noncontroversial tweets. In Study 1b, the authors replicated the analysis, using a machine-learning topic modeling approach. In Studies 2 and 3, the authors used experimental designs to test the theoretical mechanism.

On average, consumers tend to respond more to CEO posts dealing with noncontroversial issues. Consumers’ relative reluctance to like and share controversial posts is motivated by fear of rejection. However, CEO fame reverses this effect. Consumers are more likely to engage in controversial activist threads by popular CEOs. This effect holds for consumers high (vs low) in public self-consciousness. CEO fame serves as a “shield” behind which consumers protect their online image.

The study focused on Twitter (aka “X”) in the USA. Future research may replicate the study in other social media platforms and countries. The authors introduce “shielding” – liking and sharing content authored by a recognizable source – as a tactic for impression management on social media.

Famous CEOs should speak up about controversial issues on social media because their voice helps consumers engage more in such conversations.

This paper offers a theoretical framework to understand consumer reactions to CEO activism.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how test‐based accountability has influenced school and district practices and explore how states and districts might consider creating expanded systems of measures to address the shortcomings of traditional accountability. It provides research‐based guidance for entities that are developing or adopting new measures of school performance.

The study relies on literature review, consultation with expert advisers, review of state and district documentation, and semi‐structured interviews with staff at state and local education agencies and research institutions.

The research shows mixed effects of test‐based accountability on student achievement and demonstrates that teachers and administrators change their practices in ways that respond to the incentives provided by the system. The review of state and district measurement systems shows widespread use of additional measures of constructs, such as school climate and college readiness.

There is a clear need for additional research on the short‐ and long‐term effects of expanded systems of measures. In particular, currently little is known about how the inclusion of input and process measures influences educators’ practices or student outcomes.

The research suggests several practical steps that can be taken to promote effective systems of measurement, including providing supports for high‐quality teaching to accompany new measures, offering flexibility to respond to local needs, and conducting validity studies that address the various purposes of the measures.

The paper provides new information about how states and districts are expanding their systems of measures for various purposes, and informs accountability policy by highlighting the benefits and limitations of current outcomes‐based approaches to accountability and by clarifying the trade‐offs and decisions that should be considered.

This paper aims to the literature on negative consumer-brand relationships by advancing knowledge on the key triggers of brand hate of global and prominent brands. It investigates for the first time the role of brand in triggering brand hate, as well as behavioral and emotional brand hate outcomes, i.e. willingness to punish and negative brand engagement. Additionally, it explores the impact of product ownership and previous love feelings in the formation of brand hate.

The data collection was conducted on two Apple anti-brand communities after the given consent of its administrators. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling.

The paper suggests that brand hate is a construct with four first-order formative triggers (symbolic incongruity, ideological incompatibility, negative past experience and brand inauthenticity). It also demonstrates that brand hate is a dichotomous concept that comprises negative emotional dimensions (i.e. negative brand engagement) and behavioral dimensions (i.e. brand aversion, negative word-of-mouth and willingness to punish brands). Finally, it shows how brand hate differs among users vs non-users and passionate vs non-passionate consumers of Apple.

This paper contributes to the literature on negative consumer-brand relationships by advancing knowledge on the key triggers and outcomes of brand hate of global and prominent brands. More importantly, it demonstrates empirically that brand hate does not occur at a specific point of time and may result in transient hatred motivated by emotion-eliciting events (e.g. using a product) or as a long-term consumer-brand relationship that changed from love to hatred.

The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on employee engagement, motivation and job satisfaction on the staff members of two multinational companies in Greece (Procter & Gamble [P&G] and Unilever).

A quantitative methodology in the form of statistical analysis of the results was derived from the responses on an employee engagement questionnaire.

Findings show that employees are proud to identify themselves with companies that have a caring image. CSR is also positively linked to employee engagement for both companies.

The small size of the sample is a limitation because it leaves no room for generalising the findings. Secondly, although some of the hypotheses were backed by the data, he findings are not strong enough, as the reported correlations are too small.

Practitioners and marketing professionals can benefit from this research by absorbing the fact that employees feel engaged, satisfied and motivated when they play a positive role in the society through their work. As a result, it would be constructive for professionals to plan CSR strategies and involve employees both in planning and execution of those strategies.

Unlike other studies, the authors tried to examine the link between CSR and employee behaviour amid Greece’s financial difficulties.