Saeed Awadh Bin-Nashwan, Hijattulah Abdul-Jabbar, Saliza Abdul Aziz and K. Kuperan Viswanathan
To provide a sound understanding of Zakah compliance behaviour, this paper aims to shed light on the relationships between Zakah system fairness, Zakah morale, peer influence and…
Abstract
Purpose
To provide a sound understanding of Zakah compliance behaviour, this paper aims to shed light on the relationships between Zakah system fairness, Zakah morale, peer influence and law enforcement with Zakah compliance behaviour among entrepreneurs.
Design/methodology/approach
The underpinning model used in this paper is the socio-economic theory of regulatory compliance for assessing the probable determinants shaping Zakah payers' compliance behaviour. Based on a survey of active entrepreneurs in a typical Islamic situation like Yemen, a total of 500 self-administered instruments were distributed to the respondents. Partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to estimate the compliance model.
Findings
All the variables included in the compliance model are statistically significant, except for law enforcement. Zakah compliance of entrepreneurs is significantly influenced by Zakah system fairness, Zakah morale and peer influence.
Practical implications
Zakah institutions and agencies in Muslim-majority countries may use the results of this work to focus attention on appropriate proactive policies to formulate a fair Zakah system, inculcating moral responsibility among Zakah payers, embarking on sensitisation programmes in society as a whole, and being more proactive in educating Muslims in the importance of paying Zakah to the respective Zakah agencies.
Originality/value
This paper complements the limited literature on Zakah by examining both tangible and intangible motivations affecting Zakah payers' compliance decision.
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Awadh Ahmed Mohammed Gamal, Jauhari Dahalan and K. Kuperan Viswanathan
Up to now a country-specific study on Qatar with respect to underground economy, illegal money and tax evasion has not been undertaken. This paper aims to contribute by separately…
Abstract
Purpose
Up to now a country-specific study on Qatar with respect to underground economy, illegal money and tax evasion has not been undertaken. This paper aims to contribute by separately estimating the magnitude of the underground economy in Qatar from 1980 to 2010 using adjusted currency demand function.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses the Zivot–Andrews unit root test for the stationarity analysis and applies the Gregory and Hansen long run cointegrating technique for estimating the underground economy based on the latest form of the currency demand function model. While the general to specific technique is used to estimate the short run error correction model.
Findings
The results show that the average size of the underground economy in Qatar is about 17.03 per cent of the official gross domestic products (GDPs). The average level of tax evasion as a per cent of the total non-oil tax revenues is estimated at around 16.50 per cent and is about 2.12 per cent of the official GDP. The average level of illegal money to the total money from banking sector is estimated at 26.70 per cent.
Originality/value
This study is the first to separately estimate the extent of the underground economy, illegal currency and tax evasion in Qatar. It overcomes the methodological errors and spurious estimation problems encountered in the previous studies that included Qatar with other countries based on cross-country data without taking into consideration the economic differences between countries. The authors believe that the findings may help the government of Qatar to re-formulate its economic policies, thus, enabling it to curb the growing underground economic activities.
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Mariam Aljassmi, Awadh Ahmed Mohammed Gamal, Norasibah Abdul Jalil, Joseph David and K. Kuperan Viswanathan
Despite the vulnerability of rapidly developing and emerging market economies, researchers have paid less attention to the determination of the size of money laundering (ML) in…
Abstract
Purpose
Despite the vulnerability of rapidly developing and emerging market economies, researchers have paid less attention to the determination of the size of money laundering (ML) in these economies, including the United Arab Emirates (the UAE). Therefore, this paper aims to estimate the magnitude of ML in the UAE between 1975 and 2020 based on the currency demand approach (CDA).
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses the Gregory–Hansen cointegration technique alongside the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing procedure to estimate the CDA model.
Findings
The results illustrate that an amount equivalent to about 19.034% of the GDP is laundered in the UAE between 1975 and 2020, on average, with the value lying between 15.129% and 23.121%. In addition, the results demonstrate the importance of the real estate market, gold trade, remittance channels and the size of the underground economy in facilitating the laundering of illicit funds in the country.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the study is the pioneering attempt at estimating the amount of illicit funds laundered in the UAE. Besides, the adoption of a novel, yet robust, approach based on the modification of the CDA technique also sets the study apart as it ensures a correct, clear, unambiguous and indisputable estimate of the magnitude of ML is obtained. In addition, it is expected that the outcome of the study will expand the frontiers of knowledge among policy makers and relevant agencies and ensure the adoption of the most efficient and effective measures to curb the ML menace in the country.
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Mariam Aljassmi, Awadh Ahmed Mohammed Gamal, Norasibah Abdul Jalil and K. Kuperan Viswanathan
It is widely argued that money laundering (ML) is not a new phenomenon and the pervasiveness of ML is associated with some severe economic, social and political costs. Due to the…
Abstract
Purpose
It is widely argued that money laundering (ML) is not a new phenomenon and the pervasiveness of ML is associated with some severe economic, social and political costs. Due to the lack of studies on the ML’s issue in the UAE, this study aims to examine the determinants of ML in the country between 1975 and 2020.
Design/methodology/approach
The autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing results demonstrate the presence of long-run relationship between ML and the selected macroeconomics variables. The analysis is validated by the dynamic ordinary least squares, the fully modified ordinary least squares and the canonical co-integration regression estimators.
Findings
The estimation result reveals that while the real estate market, outflow of money, arms procurement and size of the underground economy influences the size of ML positively, gold trade, the level of financial development and the size of economic activities are negatively associated with ML, both in the short- and long-run.
Originality/value
Up to date from a country-level analysis, no study has been devoted to the ML in UAE, except for Aljassmi et al. (2023). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the determinants of laundered money in the UAE economy. Based on these outcomes, strategies and measures which will deter the laundering of illicit funds through the real estate and gold market, remittance system, financial system and arms procurement contracts in the UAE are recommended.
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An enriched theoretical model of regulatory compliance is developed in this paper. The body of empirical evidence demonstrates that the pure deterrence model of regulatory…
Abstract
An enriched theoretical model of regulatory compliance is developed in this paper. The body of empirical evidence demonstrates that the pure deterrence model of regulatory compliance, which focuses primarily on the certainty and severity of sanctions as key determinants of compliance, provides only a partial explanation of compliance behavior. To offer a more complete explanation, the model developed herein integrates economic theory with theories from psychology and sociology to account for both tangible and intangible motivations influencing individuals’ decisions whether to comply with a given set of regulations. Specifically, the model accounts for moral obligation and social influence in addition to the conventional costs and revenues associated with illegal behavior. While cast in a natural resource management context, the theory developed here is applicable to a variety of institutional conditions. The resulting framework enables the design and implementation of more efficient compliance and regulatory programs than was heretofore possible.
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Satish Kumar, Riya Sureka and Nitesh Pandey
The International Journal of Social Economics has completed 45 years of its publication in 2018; as a part of this recognition, this paper aims to present an overview of the IJSE…
Abstract
Purpose
The International Journal of Social Economics has completed 45 years of its publication in 2018; as a part of this recognition, this paper aims to present an overview of the IJSE through bibliometric analysis of its contents from 1974–2018.
Design/methodology/approach
Using data from Scopus database, the prominence of the research is assessed by studying and analyzing annual publication, and citation structure, most cited papers in IJSE, documents most cited by IJSE, most productive author, institution and country in IJSE with their temporal analysis and the thematic structure of the journal through keyword co-occurrence analysis. Additionally, a graphical representation of the bibliometric data using VOSviewer is presented in the paper.
Findings
Major findings show that IJSE has grown in productivity, as well as stature as the number of articles published each year, and the citation counts are increasing. Major themes published in the journal include poverty, social economics sustainable development, developing country, religion, economic theory, etc.
Originality/value
This is the first article providing an overall summary of the research work published in the journal.
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Musa Mbago, Joseph M. Ntayi and Moses Muhwezi
The purpose of the study is to develop and test an integrated compliance model using constructs derived from the legitimacy, deterrence, institutional and stewardship theories. A…
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to develop and test an integrated compliance model using constructs derived from the legitimacy, deterrence, institutional and stewardship theories. A Cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from a sample of 97 out of the population of 129 Procuring and Disposing Entities which are regulated by the Public Procurement and Disposal of Assets Authority Act (PPDA). Measurement items were derived from a critical review of literature and found to be both valid and reliable with Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.7. The findings reveal that legitimacy and stewardship behavior are significant predictors of compliance to the PPDA Act, Rules and Regulations. We therefore recommend that Procuring and Disposing Entities should continue legitimizing the procurement law through involvement of all stakeholders and promote stewardship behaviors among public employees.
It is unclear as to what extent sustainable procurement is being practised in Ireland and what barriers there are to implementing it in organisations. This study provides the…
Abstract
It is unclear as to what extent sustainable procurement is being practised in Ireland and what barriers there are to implementing it in organisations. This study provides the first complete insight into the use of sustainable procurement in Irish commercial semi-state bodies. It explores the extent and type of use of sustainable procurement plus identifies and examines the challenges to its use. A deductive approach is utilised to determine the barriers. Eleven participants, nine from the commercial semistate bodies and two experts with knowledge of this subject, are interviewed using semi-structured questions. The research findings show that sustainable procurement is being practised in the majority of the commercial semi-state bodies. Definition of sustainable procurement, the absence of mandatory guidelines, cost, time and a dearth of sustainable procurement knowledge by suppliers are some of the main barriers put forward by participants.
Frederick A. Mwakibinga and Arnt Buvik
Compliance enforcement is central in issues involving cooperation and delegation of authority. In fact, many proposed mechanisms seek to enhance adherence to the contracted…
Abstract
Compliance enforcement is central in issues involving cooperation and delegation of authority. In fact, many proposed mechanisms seek to enhance adherence to the contracted agreements. Generally, monitoring and sanction arrangements constitute one of the widely applied tools to ensure compliance. Notwithstanding the prevailing mixed opinions on the usefulness of such coercive measures, in public procurement, such seemingly drastic measures are also commonly applied to enhance the purchasersʼ adherence to the established procurement frameworks. This study investigated the effectiveness of the monitoring and sanction arrangements in enhancing procurement rule compliance in the Tanzania context. Using data generated from a cross-sectional survey conducted between December 2006 and May 2007, this study established that the effectiveness of such enforcement means in the public sector is situational contingent and has to take into account other context-specific factors, which tend to influence the outcome.
While the foundations of alms tax (zakat) regulations remain firmly rooted in solid Islamic law (Shariah), the landscape of zakat laws has recently witnessed the emergence of…
Abstract
Purpose
While the foundations of alms tax (zakat) regulations remain firmly rooted in solid Islamic law (Shariah), the landscape of zakat laws has recently witnessed the emergence of nuanced issues and complexities that warrant careful consideration and scholarly investigation. Such intricacies might lead to a lack of compliance with the regulatory and legal framework many Muslim countries have implemented. Thus, this paper aims to empirically delve into the role of zakat law intricacies in compliance behaviour and how it can strengthen the impact of crucial socio-economic motivations, including perceived zakat governance and institutional credibility.
Design/methodology/approach
Drawn from a validated socio-economic model, this study used a quantitative approach, using a self-administered survey distributed among SME entrepreneurs. SmartPLS was used to yield meaningful results.
Findings
Results indicate that the more intricate the zakat law and regulations, the lower zakat compliance tends to be. However, socio-economic motivations (zakat governance and institutional credibility) positively drive the compliance behaviour of zakat payers. Interestingly, socio-economic factors lose their positive effect on zakat compliance in the face of zakat law intricacies.
Practical implications
As the contemporary world grapples with dynamic social and economic challenges and evolving legal frameworks, the landscape of zakat laws and regulations finds itself at a crossroads. While the essence of zakat remains unchanged, modern contexts have introduced new dimensions that require the re-valuation of existing regulatory frameworks. From the intricacies of cross-border zakat to digital assets and emerging financial instruments, zakat governance is undergoing a profound transformation. Therefore, the outcomes that emerged from this study provide deeper insights for policymakers and practitioners in the Islamic world into how some potential interventions can enhance the zakat legal framework. Simplification initiatives, educational campaigns and an effective zakat governance structure aligned strictly with Islamic law can offer a nuanced understanding of zakat payers’ compliance behaviour.
Originality/value
The novelty of this research lies in its focused analysis of zakat law intricacies – a topic that has been overlooked in the literature despite its critical importance.