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This study aims to use whiteness (WI) and yellowness indices (YI) that were calculated from the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color parameter to evaluate the efficiency of some triazole fungicides [propiconazole (C₁₅H₁₇Cl₂N₃O₂) and tebuconazole (C₁₆H₂₂ClN₃O)] to protect wooden artifacts from fungal deterioration.

Archeological wooden samples were collected from some historical Islamic buildings in Cairo, Egypt. Three species of fungi were identified in previous work. Propiconazole and tebuconazole with different concentrations treated the infected wooden samples aged for different periods. WI and YI of studied samples were measured using UV spectrophotometer. Calibration and uncertainty estimation accompanied by color measurement were studied.

Studying the uncertainty sources of diffuse reflection of the standard white tiles revealed that the uncertainty of calibration for both the spectrophotometer and white tiles had the highest contribution. The treated samples with tebuconazole and propiconazole fungicides gave good resistance against fungal deterioration at 0.50% for WI and YI.

This study presents the importance of colorimetry in the conservation field because they are considered one of the most important criteria to evaluate conservation materials. From color measurements and their uncertainties, it became clear that triazole fungicides have good efficiency in the protection of wooden artifacts from fungal deterioration. The value of this study is that propiconazole and tebuconazole fungicides at 0.50% can be applied to archaeological wood that is endangered to improper conditions, especially in the case of high levels of relative humidity.

The rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. which contains curcumin, the main coloring component that imparts a yellow color onto cotton fabric, has been selected for study in this paper. The extracts are obtained by using different concentrations of irradiated turmeric powder. In order to improve colour fastness properties, pre and post- mordanting are applied by using alum and iron as mordants. The dyed samples are subjected to a CIE Lab system with a spectra flash spectrophotometer for the evaluation of L* (lighter/darker), a* (redder/greener) and b* (yellower/bluer) values.

Finally, ISO standard methods are employed to study colour fastness to light, washing and rubbing (dry and wet) in order to observe the influence of UV radiation on the dyeing behaviour of turmeric. It is observed that UV radiation not only enhances the color strength of dye on irradiated cotton fabric using low concentrations of dye, but also improves the color fastness properties of pre-irradiated cotton fabric by using pre-irradiated turmeric powder with a low concentration of mordant.

The paper aims to investigate the feasibility of developing natural dyes from the barks of Araucaria columnaris and leaves of Macaranga peltata, Averrhoa bilimbi. The paper also deals with the application of natural dyes in textile coloration.

Dye extraction was carried out using the aqueous method. The dyeability of the aqueous extract was assessed on cotton, silk and polyester yarns using different mordants (alum, acetic acid, CuSO₄, lemon juice) and without mordant. UV–Visible spectral analysis and pH of different natural dyes were determined. Percent absorption, K/S values, CIELab values and fastness properties of the selected dyed yarns were also assessed.

The percentage values for dye exhaustion differed with various mordants. The K/S values were found to be influenced by the addition of mordants. Different hues were obtained with the usage of different mordants. Fastness results exhibited good to very good grades.

The effective application of aqueous method of dye extraction in the study avoids solvent toxicity. The current results proved that the dyeing could be achieved at room temperature for different yarns (cotton, silk, polyester). At present, no report exists in the literature of research work on the extraction of natural dyes from the leaves of M. peltata, A. bilimbi and their dyeing potential on cotton, silk and polyester.

The present work offers new environment-friendly dye as well as simple dyeing method. Barks and leaves are promising sources of dye. Enormous availability of barks and leaves avoids the exploitation of the plant parts for the extraction of natural dyes.

The important feature of this study was the effective dyeing of natural and synthetic fibers at room temperature. The novel sources of natural dyes would contribute significantly to the existing knowledge of dyeing, and the natural dyes reduce the environmental impact of synthetic dyes.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the possibility of cross-linking silk fabric using citric acid (CA) as the cross-linking agent and nano-TiO2 (NTO) particles as a catalyst at low temperature and under UV irradiation. This paper also assesses the possibility of treated samples with suitable combinations of CA and NTO to impart multiple functional properties such as self-cleaning and antimicrobial properties.

In this research, ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) grafted onto silk fabric using CA as a crosslinking agent and NTO particles as a catalyst through a pad-dry-cure technique and with UVA irradiation. The effects of different concentrations of CA, ß-CD and NTO particles on some properties of the treated samples are evaluated, and the optimum finishing conditions are obtained. The author also investigated the washing durability of the modified product after ten times of washing.

The results showed that CA plays the role of a linking agent through an esterification reaction with the hydroxyl groups of both ß-CD and silk fabrics and improves the durability of materials on the textile surface. Also, the silk fabrics treated with CA only were found to have excellent photocatalytic properties and better antibacterial activity than the control sample and the fabrics treated with a mixture of ß-CD/CA.

This study was conducted to achieve multiple functions such as antibacterial and photocatalytic activities, good dry crease recovery angle and wet crease recovery angle behavior without a significant adverse effect on the Yellowness index and tensile properties for treated silk fabrics.

The purpose of this study is to improve the stability and dyeing properties of natural curcumin by adsorption packaging technology, and promote the clean dyeing technology of wool fabrics.

The response surface method was used to optimize the dyeing process of wool fabrics. The color fastnesses and the K/S value of the dyed wool fabrics were tested and analyzed, as well as the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of wool fibers.

The mordant dyeing method was optimized using the response surface method under pH 3.5 and a 1:50 dye bath ratio. The results showed that the mordant dyeing method was one-bath, two-step post-mordant and the optimized dyeing process was as follows: dyeing time 70 min, dyeing temperature 70°C and the dosage of mordant was 2% and yielding a K/S value of 35.22. The dyed wool had excellent rub and wash fastness (grade 4+), but inadequate light fastness, to be improved later. The results of SEM demonstrated that the optimized dyeing processes had no adverse effects on wool fibers.

No comprehensive and systematic study reports have been conducted on the dyeing process of wool fabric using natural curcumin pigment, which is adsorbed and packaged by ZIF-8, and researchers have not used statistical analysis to optimize the dyeing process using response surface methodology.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of materials, three dimensional (3D) structure and number of fabric layers on ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), air permeability and thickness of fabrics.

Total 24 fabrics samples were developed using two 3D structures and two weft materials. In warp direction cotton (CT) yarn and in weft direction polypropylene (PP) and polyester (PET) were used. Air permeability, thickness and UPF testings were performed and relationship among fabric layers, air permeability, thickness and UPF was developed.

UPF and thickness of fabrics increases with number of fabric layers, whereas air permeability decreases with the increase in number of fabric layers. Furthermore, change of multilayer structure from angle interlock to orthogonal interlock having same base weave does not give significant effect on UPF. However, change of material from polyester (PET) to polypropylene (PP) has a dominant effect on UPF. Minimum of three layers of cotton/polyester fabric, without any aid of ultraviolet radiation (UV) resistant coating, are required to achieve good. Cotton/polyester fabrics are more appropriate for outdoor application due to their long-term resistance with sunlight exposure.

Long-term exposure to UV is detrimental. So, there is need of proper selection of material and fabric to achieve ultraviolet protection. 3D fabrics have yarns in X, Y as well as in Z directions which provide better ultraviolet protection as compared to two dimensional (2D) fabrics. In literature, mostly work was done on ultraviolet protection of 2D fabrics and surface coating of fabrics. There is limited work found on UPF of 3D woven fabrics.

This paper presents an eco-friendly method for wool fabrics to improve printing characteristics without thermal fixation via a UV/ozone pre-treatment. Such treatment causes surface morphological changes and oxidizes wool fabric surfaces. In this study, the changes in surface composition and chemistry induced by this treatment were followed by measuring changes in electron spin resonance (ESR) intensity values and mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation percentage and air permeability of the treated wool fabric samples. The pre-treated fabrics were printed and their colour strength (K/S) values with all colour parameters were measured. Fastness properties, such as colour fastness to light, washing and perspiration, were evaluated. Printability of the pre-treated fabrics was compared with that of the printed fabrics by conventional methods. The results showed that the UV/ozone treatment improved printing fixation of dye without energy consumption which is required by conventional methods. The UV/ozone treatment imparts highly printed shades of woolen fabrics at reduced energy with excellent fastness properties of the pre-treated printed fabrics.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the corrosion retardation properties of methylene blue on carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solutions.

The corrosion inhibition property of methylene blue on carbon steel was investigated by hydrogen evolution technique (gasometric technique) and weight loss measurements at 303 K and 333 K in hydrochloric acid solutions.

The results revealed that methylene blue inhibited the corrosion carbon steel, and the inhibition efficiency was temperature dependent. The maximum inhibition efficiencies were 88% at 303 K and 79.2% at 333 K. The corrosion data was consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm which posits that the methylene blue molecules adhered to the metal substrate. The corrosion kinetics followed the first-order kinetic reaction equation. The activation energy (Ea) values ranged from 45.6 to 81.7 kJ/mol and indicated physical adsorption.

This paper provides new information on the possible application of methylene blue as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the viability of probiotics, physicochemical and sensory properties of reduced fat synbiotic ice cream.

The treatments were as follows: control was made by the addition of Lactobacillus salivarius NBIMCC 1589 and Lactobacillus crispatus NBIMCC 2451 (1:1). The treatments (T1, T2 and T3) were made with the addition of L. salivarius NBIMCC 1589 and L. crispatus NBIMCC 2451 (1:1) + 2% oat flour, 2% inulin and 4% oat flour + inulin (1:1). Physiochemical parameters (pH, moisture, fat, protein, fibre, ash, overrun, first dripping time and melting rate) were determined.

The ice cream with inulin and oat flour had lower moisture content, which was recorded 70.41, 69.88 and 68.82% for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. While the protein, fat and ash content of treated samples increased. The highest acidity (0.43%) was recorded in T3. The overrun increased by around 43% in T3 compared with control. The viable counts of probiotics were significantly (p = 0.05) decreased by two or three log cycles. Finally, T3 received the highest sensory score, which could be due to the combination between oat flour and inulin.

A novel ice cream was produced using a combination of inulin and oat flour, which enhanced the viability of added probiotics. Reduced fat synbiotic ice cream was a good carrier for probiotics, which facilitates the production of healthy dairy products.

Ice cream is one of the popular sweet throughout the world. However, it contains high fat and sugar but lacks natural antioxidants. Several herbs in Thailand which are traditionally used as food ingredients show high antioxidant properties such as ginger and lemongrass. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop reduced sugar herbal ice cream using lemongrass and ginger extract.

Two ice cream formulas were prepared by using the lemongrass or ginger extract at the levels of 10, 15 and 20 percent (w/w), respectively. Moreover, xylitol was added as a substituted sugar at 80, 90 and 100 percent (w/w). Sensory evaluation was conducted by nine-point hedonic scale. Moreover, the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the final ice cream product were determined by comparing with the control formula.

Based on the sensory evaluation, the two herbal ice cream formulas (15 percent lemongrass or ginger extract) with 90 percent xylitol replacement have the highest overall acceptability score of 7.28 and 7.44 (like moderately), respectively. The viscosity, overrun value and hardness of the reduced sugar herbal ice cream were not significantly different as compared to control formula (p=0.05). The chemical composition analysis showed that the total sugar of the product decreased by 65 percent. Moreover, antioxidant activities of herbal ice creams were higher than the control formula. The number of total bacteria of reduced sugar herbal ice cream was less than 10 CFU/mL.

The reduced sugar consumption is useful for lowering the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially diabetes mellitus. This paper presented the reduced sugar herbal ice cream formulas with high antioxidant activity. Therefore, these data could be the prototype in order to develop herbal and healthy ice cream product.