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This paper aims to evaluate the relationship between financial inclusion and economic development in Pakistan based on available sources of detailed data and assess its outcome of financial inclusion on basic standards of life, then accord relevant recommendations to prompt economic growth and development.

The research design selected for data analysis was meta-analysis, besides, data analysis over the period 2010-2015 was performed by using a descriptive statistical approach, regression and correlation analysis, i.e. the Pearson correlation matrix.

The authors find a positive relationship between financial inclusion and economic development, resultantly; increase in financial inclusion may lead to an increase in economic development. In detail, the number of the number of bank accounts (per 1,000 adult population) and the number of bank branches (per 100,000 people) have a positive relationship with human development index (HDI). Where else the amount of automated teller machines per 1,000 km² (per cent) reveals a negative relationship.

The study has shown that expand financial access such as strengthen the establishment of bank accounts and bank branches can increase economic development in Pakistan. That is the government should focus on the financial inclusion policies as a means of ameliorating poverty, through a participation of all economic agents in the financial system. There is an utmost need for the Government of Pakistan to prioritize the importance of financial inclusion.

The novelty of the study is taken HDI and three representative indicators as a measurement of economic growth and financial inclusion, respectively, meanwhile, meta-analysis, multivariate regression model sum up that poverty alleviation is connected with the development of a more inclusive financial services sectors.

The purpose of this paper is to systematically study the research and development history of suspicious transaction reporting (STR) system in China, and introduce the core elements in constructing an intelligent surveillance system which could provide a solution to the situation of low effectiveness and efficiency in Chinese Financial Institutions (FIs) STR procedure nowadays. The solution outputs those falling out of the normal customer behavior profiles instead of only extracting data by the rules issued by authorities.

This paper reviews the latest literature, regulations and guidelines of STR gathered domestically and overseas, and hands out questionnaire surveys to hundreds of software vendors, regulators and FIs, details the current situation of poor deployment of intelligent in China and tells the difficulties of subjective STR decision procedures.

Few Chinese FIs have deployed real intelligent STR systems, most are using rule-based filtering systems conformed to the objective STR supervisory regulations. To change the embarrassing situation, the regulators have tried to introduce self-regulatory mode which allows the FIs to define STR decision procedures themselves. Limited by the FIs’ ability of information sharing and investigation scope, FIs could hardly unveil the whole schema of a money laundering organization. The pursuant objective FIs can reach is to construct a system that could tell what the normal customer behaviors look like and extract all those falling out of the system’s expectations as suspicious activities.

Only the core elements of the total intelligent STR system are discussed, that is, what, why and how about the customer behavior pattern recognition system. Besides this, a total solution should also use a watch list, reporting decision, cases management, risk control, etc.

This paper for the first time argues that the orientation of regulatory rules in China has actually hindered the spreading of really effective intelligent system for these years. The author creatively puts forward a solution to the difficult problem for FIs to spot criminal schema directly, instead the FIs should only be required to determine whether the transactions carrying out currently are falling within the expected behavior pattern scopes, which is under the FIs’ capabilities due to the internationally accepted obligations of “Know Your Customer”.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the longitudinal influence of gender, age, education level, organizational tenure and emotional intelligence on three dimensions of knowledge hiding over time.

A longitudinal study using two-wave data sets of 390 employees in Chinese enterprises was conducted to build fixed, continuous and interacting models for investigating the effects of individual differences on the processes of knowledge hiding over time.

This research uncovered the changing relationships of individual differences on knowledge-hiding behaviors over time, such that age correlates with rationalized hiding in the interacting model, indicating younger employees are less likely to choose rationalized hiding when facing situation changes; and education level, organizational tenure and emotional intelligence moderate knowledge hiding over time, implying individuals with better education, longer tenure and higher emotional intelligence tend to exhibit more rationalized hiding behaviors rather than evasive hiding and playing dumb behaviors at Time 2.

One of the novel contributions of this study is that it tests the longitudinal effect of individual differences on knowledge hiding, providing a vertical perspective, and thereby contributing to the body of knowledge in knowledge management. The study also constructs fixed, continuous and interacting models to measure the covering longitudinal influences, thus making the research original.

This paper aims to figure out the relationship between energy consumption flow from a new perspective of embodied energy inventory index (EEII) and regional economic growth.

The input-output approach has been applied to calculate embodied energy inventory (EEI) and EEII using the data of 25 economies. Meanwhile, cluster analysis and panel data modeling were applied to carry out detailed research.

The results of cluster analysis show that there is a roughly negative relationship between EEII and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, although there are some exceptions, such as Russia and Taiwan (Province of China). Panel data model results provide further evidence that there is a negative relationship between EEII and GDP per capita. Population is an important productive factor in the regional economic development. The study showed a positive relationship between EEII and population. Therefore, energy consumption flow is closely related to regional economic development.

The value of this paper is to use EEI and EEII to comprehensively clarify the energy consumption flow. The advantage of EEII is that it can reflect the energy embodied in fixed assets and infrastructure.

Gears are prone to instantaneous failure when operating under extreme conditions, affecting the machinery’s service life. With numerous types of gear meshing and complex operating conditions, this study focuses on the gear–rack mechanism. This study aims to analyze the effects and optimization of biomimetic texture parameters on the line contact tribological behavior of gear–rack mechanisms under starvation lubrication conditions.

Inspired by the microstructure of shark skin surface, a diamond-shaped biomimetic texture was designed to improve the tribological performance of gear–rack mechanism under starved lubrication conditions. The line contact meshing process of gear–rack mechanisms under lubrication-deficient conditions was simulated by using a block-on-ring test. Using the response surface method, this paper analyzed the effects of bionic texture parameters (width, depth and spacing) on the tribological performance (friction coefficient and wear amount) of tested samples under line contact and starved lubrication conditions.

The experimental results show an optimal proportional relationship between the texture parameters, which made the tribological performance of the tested samples the best. The texture parameters were optimized by using the main objective function method, and the preferred combination of parameters was a width of 69 µm, depth of 24 µm and spacing of 1,162 µm.

The research results have practical guiding significance for designing line contact motion pairs surface texture and provide a theoretical basis for optimizing line contact motion pairs tribological performance under extreme working conditions.

Business research often requires use of survey‐based techniques for data acquisition. In the past, researchers had to rely on manual methodologies for survey distribution, data entry, and analysis. These approaches were generally characterized by uncertain (often low) response rates; batch processing of collected data; protracted time periods spanning survey distribution to processed statistical results; and inability to make “mid‐course corrections”. These deficiencies are exacerbated for research on global competitiveness issues which requires international data gathering activities; however, they can be mitigated, if not completely eliminated, by the use of dynamic web‐based survey methods. This paper discusses the advantages of web‐based survey technologies with direct back‐end database interfaces and analytical frameworks, and presents illustrative results from development and use of such a tool.

This study aims to explore whether digital platform capabilities (integration and reconstruction) affect technological innovation through knowledge bases in the dimensions of breadth and depth and the moderating role of organisational routines updating.

Hierarchical regression, mediation effect test macro and bootstrap were conducted to empirically analyse two waves of longitudinal survey data from 179 Chinese technology firms.

Results confirmed that knowledge bases (breadth and depth) mediated the effect of digital platform capabilities (integration and reconstruction) on technological innovation and that updating of organisational routines moderated the relationship between knowledge bases and technological innovation.

These findings offer guidance to firms that aim to achieve technological innovation and advantages, highlighting the importance of digital platform capabilities, knowledge bases and organisational routines updating.

Advancing from existing digital strategies and firm innovation literature, the authors provide a new perspective (knowledge bases) to respond to the information technology (IT) paradox and understand the role of digital platform capabilities in improving technological innovation.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the operating background of combating money laundering in transition countries, to demonstrate the unique phenomenon of “adopt but not enforce” and “selective implementation,” to discuss the role of anti‐money laundering (AML) system as a part of political confrontation between transition countries and developed countries, and finally to criticize the defensive reporting in transition countries' financial institutions.

The paper analyzes the inherent limitations and practical issues in combating money laundering in transition countries, and provides various cases as well as statistic data to illustrate the AML difficulties faced by transition countries.

Many transition countries have taken AML actions during the past decade, however, the AML systems in these jurisdictions are not effective yet. AML motivations in transition countries are mainly surrounding international pressures and domestic political needs.

The paper highlights the unsound operating environment of fully implementing AML legislations in transition countries, and critically demonstrated that the effectiveness of AML systems in transition countries is heavily influenced by domestic and international political considerations.

This paper attempts to explain the key elements and associated definitions of the financial institutions' enterprise‐wide anti‐money laundering (AML) information system, and to discuss the technical theory for implementing the information system.

The paper defines the problems of defensive filing in the suspicious transaction reports, proposes AML practice from objective standard principle to subjective assessment principle, and provides detailed description of enterprise‐wide AML solution.

As rule‐based AML approach and objective‐standard monitoring principle have led to numbers of practical problems, a significant tendency of regulatory reform is to replace the objective‐standard principle by comprehensive risk‐assessment process with considerations of the enterprise's reality.

The paper presents the latest development in enterprise‐wide AML information system construction, including customer risk evaluation, transaction risk measurement, behavior monitoring technology, link analysis, risk ranking and workflow tools, etc. and major fundamentals and functions of these modules are also discussed.