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Examines the likely effect of the changes in GATT on the British beef industry and the implications of these changes for the marketing strategies of British beef producers. The result of GATT changes is that there is unlikely to be any incentive for producers to increase production. Instead, marketing strategies will have to centre on increasing profitability by increasing quality and quality awareness with the objective of increasing margins. Examines the production and marketing of quality beef in the UK and proposes a number of strategies for the future.

Uses two case studies to examine how changing market structures in food supply chains have affected the nature of collaboration between retailer and supplier. Looks at the implications for the nature of marketing as a management function and as an area of study. Concludes with a discussion of the implications of closer supply chain relationships for industry profitability.

If, as everybody agrees now, business should be about meeting customers’ needs, it makes sense to involve customers as we create strategy. But here lies a problem. Ordinary market research techniques are fine for finding out what customers think about what already exists. They are much less good at helping us uncover customers’ attitudes to what might be, or their ideas about what should be.

The very large number of books at present being issued relating to, or connected with the War, conclusively shows to what a great extent the intellectual as well as the material strength of the nation is engrossed by the terrible struggle in which we are engaged. But without abating any of our own interest in the supreme events now taking place, we may well pause to remember that things will not always be thus, and consider carefully before we crowd our shelves with works that are in many cases of very ephemeral value.

The disparities of COVID-19 vaccination rates between the rural and urban areas have become apparent during this pandemic. There is a need to understand the root causes of vaccine hesitancy demonstrated by the rural population to increase coverage and to contain the disease spread throughout the United States. This study aimed to explore other factors influencing vaccine hesitancy among rural dwellers besides the geography-related barriers such as poor health care access and individuals having no or suboptimal insurance coverage.

By reviewing existing data and literature about vaccination, health literacy, and behaviors, and prevailing ideologies, we discuss the potential causes of vaccine hesitancy in rural areas that could create barriers for successful public health efforts related to vaccine coverage and provide suggestions to ameliorate the situation.

Geography-related barriers, health literacy, and preconceived notions are key determinants of adopting healthy behaviors and complying with public health authorities' recommendations among rural individuals during a public-health crisis. We argue that ideology, which is much deeper than preconception or misconception on vaccination, should be incorporated as a key factor to redefine the term “vulnerable populations” in public health research.

The limitation of our study is that we have not found an effective way to encourage the populations who hold conservative religious and political ideologies to join the efforts for public health. Even though geography-related barriers may strongly impact the rural dwellers in achieving optimal health, the various forms of ideologies they have toward certain health behaviors cannot be discounted to understand and address vaccine-related disparities in rural areas. There is a need to redefine the term “vulnerable population” particularly as it relates to rural areas in the United States. During large-scale public health disasters, scholars and public health authorities should consider the ideologies of individuals, in addition to other factors such as race/ethnicity, area of residence (rural vs. urban), and socioeconomic factors influencing the existing vulnerabilities and health disparities.