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This study investigates the time-varying volatility spillover connectedness among seven major cryptocurrencies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to understand contagion risk and its implications for diversification and financial stability, especially during periods of extreme price volatility.

Using the frequency-domain spillover index, the study analyzes the interconnectedness of cryptocurrency markets with daily data from 10 August 2015 to 10 December 2021. This method allows for examining volatility spillovers across different time frequencies.

The study finds that cryptocurrencies are highly interconnected at higher frequencies, indicating significant contagion risk and limited short-term diversification opportunities. The spillover effects are frequency-dependent, varying across different time horizons.

The findings suggest the need for targeted regulatory policies focused on short-term cryptocurrency behavior to maintain financial stability. Investors should exercise caution when using cryptocurrencies for portfolio diversification, given the high interconnectedness and contagion risk.

This study uniquely contributes to the literature by applying a frequency-domain approach to analyze volatility spillovers across multiple cryptocurrencies, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides novel insights into the frequency-dependent nature of spillover effects, offering a deeper understanding of the contagion risk in cryptocurrency markets.

This study aims to investigate the impact of seaport efficiency on economic growth in Ghana over the period 2006–2020.

Comprehensive methodology, diverse data analysis techniques, including Augmented Dickey–Fuller tests, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modeling and Granger Causality, were applied to explore the intricate relationship between Seaport Efficiency and Economic Growth.

The findings reveal a statistically significant and positive association between seaport efficiency and GDP, underscoring the crucial role of efficient seaport operations in actively stimulating economic growth. Beyond seaport efficiency, influential factors such as capital, human capital, knowledge spillover and productive capacities were identified, contributing to the dynamics of economic growth.

The Granger Causality Test solidifies seaport efficiency as a robust predictor of GDP fluctuations, emphasizing its significance in economic forecasting. Notably, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge with its nuanced exploration of the intricate relationship between seaport efficiency and economic growth in the specific context of Ghana.

This study’s implications extend beyond academia, offering invaluable guidance for policymakers and planners. It serves as a comprehensive roadmap for informed decision-making, emphasizing the pivotal role of efficient seaports in charting a trajectory for enduring and resilient economic progress in the nation.

While the broader theme has been explored in existing literature, the uniqueness of this study lies in its specific application to the Ghanaian context. The choice of Ghana, a nation where maritime transport handles over 90% of trade, underscores the significance of understanding seaport efficiency in this regional and economic setting. The study’s originality is reinforced by incorporating diverse economic variables, aligning with recommendations for a comprehensive analysis of factors influencing port performance.