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The year 1980, the decade of the 80s, twenty years until the year 2000. The next ten years may be among the most critical faced by American business, and physical distribution managers in particular, in our history. Further, the developments in physical distribution practice and management, and especially the way in which some of the critical problems are solved, will have impacts on the health and progress of business into the year 2000 and beyond. The following paragraphs address some of the critical problems and issues faced by physical distribution managers. Where possible recent trends which affect these concerns are identified and the potential development of these trends through the 1980s is traced.

The physical distribution function of a firm is a complex process. It consists of all the activities involved in the flow of goods from the raw material supplier to the final consumer and incorporates the major activity centres of purchasing, warehousing, transportation, order processing, and inventory control. The goal of a firm's distribution operation is to insure that established customer service levels are achieved at a minimum total cost.

Reveals that physical distribution organization and information system development among US manufacturing firms is still in a period of transmission. Concludes that many problems have arisen because of the move towards the formalization of physical distribution management as an integral part of a firm’s management organization.

Self‐service food stores are a new emerging form of retail technology in Saudi Arabia. By focusing on relevant institutional, planning and operational dimensions, this exploratory study describes and analyses the process by which this form of food retailing was adopted. Data were collected from 96 stores located in three metropolitan areas of the Kingdom, and the results suggest that the sudden proliferation of these stores during the past decade was characterised by the lack of rational planning, short‐term decision making orientation, and limited concern for promotional activities. The analysis of the 62 study variables indicated that differences in store size exerted limited influence on store marketing activities and had a moderate effect on store planning and institutional dimensions.

The fully developed laminar mixed convection flow in inclined tubes subject to axially and circumferentially uniform heat flux has been studied numerically for a Boussinesq fluid. Dual solutions characterized by a two‐ and a four‐vortex secondary flow structure in a cross‐section normal to the tube’s longitudinal axis have been found for different combinations of the Grashof number Gr and of the tube inclination α for all Prandtl numbers between 0.7 and 7. In the two‐parameter space defined by Gr and α dual solutions occur: at a given α, if the Grashof number exceeds a critical value Gr_ℓ (for horizontal tubes Gr_ℓ is approximately 5.5 × 10⁵, 1.7 × 10⁵ and 1.7 × 10⁴ respectively for Pr = 0.7, 7 and 70); at a given Gr, if the tube inclination is below a critical value α_c (for Gr = 10⁶ this critical angle is approximately 62.5° and 83.5° respectively for Pr = 0.7 and 7). Numerical experiments carried out for developing flows indicate that the two‐vortex solution is the only stable flow structure.

This paper aims to show the interaction effects between clusters and cluster-specific attributes and the industrial internet of things (IoT) knowledge of a firm on the innovativeness of firms. Cluster theory and the concept of key enabling technologies are linked to test their effect on a firm’s incremental and radical knowledge generation.

Quantitative approach at the firm-level. By combining several data sources (e.g. ORBIS, PATSTAT and German subsidy catalogue) the paper relies on a unique database encompassing 8,347 firms in Germany. Ordinary least squares (OLS)-regression techniques are used for data analysis.

Industrial IoT is an important driver of radical patents, mediated positively by firm size. For incremental knowledge, a substitution effect occurs between a cluster and IoT effects, which is bigger for larger firms and dependent on cluster attributes and firms’ outside connections.

The paper opens up new research paths considering long-term disruptive effects of the industrial IoT compared to short-term effects on the innovativeness of firms within clusters. Additionally, it enables further research enriching the discussion about cluster attributes and how these affect ongoing processes.

Linking cluster theory and policy with Industry 4.0 raises awareness for being considerate in terms of funding and scrutinising one-size-fits-all approaches.

Connecting the concepts of a cluster and advanced manufacturing technologies as a proxy for industrial IoT, specifically focussing on both radical and incremental innovations is a new approach. Especially, taking into account the interaction effects between cluster attributes and the influence of industrial IoT on the innovativeness of firms.

This paper aims to address the problem of double-diffusive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) non-Darcy convective flow of heat and mass transfer over a stretching sheet embedded in a thermally-stratified porous medium. The controlling parameters such as chemical reaction parameter, permeability parameter, etc., are extensively discussed and illustrated in this paper.

With the help of appropriate similarity variables, the governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations. The transformed equations are solved using the spectral homotopy analysis method (SHAM). SHAM is a numerical method, which uses Chebyshev pseudospectral and homotopy analysis method in solving science and engineering problems.

The effects of all controlling parameters are presented using graphical representations. The results revealed that the applied magnetic field in the transverse direction to the flow gives rise to a resistive force called Lorentz. This force tends to reduce the flow of an electrically conducting fluid in the problem of heat and mass transfer. As a result, the fluid velocity reduces in the boundary layer. Also, the suction increases the velocity, temperature, and concentration of the fluid, respectively. The present results can be used in complex problems dealing with double-diffusive MHD non-Darcy convective flow of heat and mass transfer.

The uniqueness of this paper is the examination of double-diffusive MHD non-Darcy convective flow of heat and mass transfer. It is considered over a stretching sheet embedded in a thermally-stratified porous medium. To the best of the knowledge, a problem of this type has not been considered in the past. A novel method called SHAM is used to solve this modelled problem. The novelty of this method is its accuracy and fastness in computation.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Arrhenius kinetics on hydromagnetic free convection of an electrically conducting fluid flowing past a vertically stretched sheet maintained at a constant temperature, considering viscous dissipation. In this study, the understanding of the Biot number is essential for comprehending and enhancing heat transfer processes in a flow. Mastering this concept is crucial for the efficient design and management of various industrial and natural systems. The effect of Newtonian heating is accurately addressed by adjusting the traditional temperature boundary condition.

The presiding inconsistent Partial differential equations are contrasted to ordinary differential equations by similitude changes and the solutions are completed numerically by fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK-4) and shooting procedures. Tables and graphs feature vividly in annotating the outcomes of changing parameters on the flow.

Notably, the Biot number significantly impacts temperature gradients and distribution, which subsequently affect the flow’s velocity and thermal characteristics; that is, velocity and temperature contours increase directly to an upsurge in the Biot number. Contrasting with existing work, a perfect harmony is experienced. Arrhenius kinetics are essential for predicting and managing fluid flow behaviour in systems where reactions are sensitive to temperature. Grasping this relationship helps engineers and scientists enhance process efficiency, ensure safety and optimize fluid-based systems. Similarly, Newtonian heating significantly impacts fluid flow by affecting temperature distribution, viscosity, buoyancy-driven flows and flow stability. Mastering the control of this heating process is vital in both natural and engineered fluid systems. Technical applications of this research include variation cooling and atomic power generation refrigeration.

The distinguishing quality of this research lies in the scrutiny of Arrhenius steady hydromagnetic heat transfer to natural convection flow in a stretching upright sheet: viscous dissipation and Newtonian heating. To best of the authors’ understanding, a problem like this has not been considered. The findings in this work will give useful information to scientists and engineers.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the behavior of continuous hydromagnetic convective fluid within a porous medium. In this study, all fluid properties are assumed to remain constant, except for viscosity, which varies inversely with temperature. Additionally, the fluid experiences Newtonian heating, and the effects of the Dufour and Soret phenomena are considered. The study also examines how controlling constants affect the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles.

The model equations are transformed to ordinary differential equations adopting similarity transformations. The resulting coupled nonlinear differential equations are then solved numerically using the shooting method combined with the fourth order Runge-Kutta (RK-4) technique. The effects of varying parameters on the flow are presented through graphs and tables.

The consequences of supervising constants on the flow are encapsulated in charts. The findings are that the Biot number is crucial in determining the temperature distribution within a solid during transient heat transfer; a reduction in the velocity chart is experienced as the size of suction grows; the temperature distribution over the upright heated plate escalates dramatically as Dufour(Du) shot up; and a rise in fluid velocity as the Soret parameter increases. The current results are annotated in sketches for better understanding. Findings are authenticated in contrast with published works. Finally, viscosity dependent on temperature and Newtonian heating are crucial in determining the flow characteristics, heat transfer efficiency, pressure drop, flow stability and overall performance of fluid systems. Understanding and accounting for these variations are essential for the optimal design and operation of engineering applications involving fluids.

The peculiarity of the research is perusal of exploration of viscosity dependent on temperature and Newtonian heating above steady hydromagnetic convective flow in a percolating environment: Soret, Dufour consequences. To the best of authors’ understanding, problem like this has not been considered. The findings in this work will give a useful information to scientists and engineers.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the numerical laminar two‐dimensional unsteady natural convection in a partial sector‐shaped enclosure submitted respectively to a constant heat flux density q1 and a uniform temperature T1 on the inner cylindrical wall. The numerical model performed in this paper is applied more particularly for high Grashof numbers, in order to point out the advent and the development of pre‐turbulent flows. Results of numerical runs are presented. The mean Nusselt number on active walls is represented as a function of the Grashof number Gr and the aspect ratio F_r. The results may be correlated very well with an expression of the form \overlineNu = k1 Gr₁^k2, for technical calculations.