Jamie Cleland and Connor MacDonald
This chapter outlines the extent to which the traditional characteristics of masculinity in sport – initially played out in sports stadia and the traditional media in the late…
Abstract
Purpose
This chapter outlines the extent to which the traditional characteristics of masculinity in sport – initially played out in sports stadia and the traditional media in the late nineteenth and throughout most of the twentieth century – are now also a feature of social media and digital technology platforms in the twenty-first century. At the outset, this chapter discusses the historical association between masculinity and sporting competition and how this has played an important role in presenting a normative heterosexual identity among players, fans, and the traditional media. The chapter then discusses the introduction of social media and digital technology platforms and the impact this history is having in these rapidly consumed spaces, with a particular focus on language, such as hate speech.
Design/methodology/approach
This chapter examines and discusses a myriad of literature from inside and outside of academia that explores masculinity, sport, and the internet. These discussions are backgrounded within a historical context and connected to contemporary examples.
Findings
Social media and digital technology platforms have provided opportunities for athletes, the media, and fans, to engage in more of an active debate on masculinity in sport than existed in the twentieth century. However, the chapter also addresses the traditional characteristics of masculinity that remain in the culture of sport and in online environments, especially surrounding hate speech.
Originality/value
This chapter, while engaging in an emerging topic of discussion, offers important recommendations for future research and the ways in which this can be methodologically carried out on the internet on a variety of topic areas surrounding masculinity in sport from a sociological perspective.
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Keith D. Parry and Rory Magrath
The aim of this chapter is to explore the relationship between contemporary sport, social media, digital technology, and sexuality and to explore the historical context of sport…
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this chapter is to explore the relationship between contemporary sport, social media, digital technology, and sexuality and to explore the historical context of sport and sexuality, before then outlining the decline of homophobia in recent years. Despite this decline, social media is one area where we still see the manifestation of homophobia.
Design/methodology/approach
This chapter synthesizes a range of academic literature to chart how – despite improving attitudes toward homosexuality in sport – abuse and discrimination is still prevalent on social media.
Findings
Eric Anderson's (2009) Inclusive Masculinity Theory has been the most useful theoretical apparatus to underpin the changing nature of sport, gender, and sexuality. While this has been used in a variety of sporting contexts, these are primarily focused on gay male athletes in the West. Accordingly, there is a gap in knowledge around the experiences of lesbian, bisexual, and trans athletes, as well as those outside of the Western context.
Originality/value
Although there has been some literature to document discrimination on social media, very little focuses specifically on the manifestation of homophobia. Accordingly, this chapter provides an important contribution by being one of the first to tie together the literature on improved cultural attitudes toward homosexuality while simultaneously focusing on the prevalence of discrimination on social media.
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Identifies a set of expectations about information technology (IT)adoption and usage in work groups, based on prior theory. Describes alongitudinal study on the adoption and usage…
Abstract
Identifies a set of expectations about information technology (IT) adoption and usage in work groups, based on prior theory. Describes a longitudinal study on the adoption and usage of asynchronous technologies in small face‐to‐face groups. Compares observations with expectations. Concludes that expectations were generally supported except in one case, where file transfer was used synchronously to support face‐to‐face interaction. Observed one use of asynchronous technology to maintain social distance because of poor relationships. Discusses the implications of the findings. Offers possible areas of future research.
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This analysis examines the influence of varying levels of consciousness on the problem solving effectiveness of chief executive officers (CEOs). Specifically, it applies the…
Abstract
This analysis examines the influence of varying levels of consciousness on the problem solving effectiveness of chief executive officers (CEOs). Specifically, it applies the original work of Ken Wilber, considered one of the most important theorists in the field of consciousness studies of our time, to executive leadership. The paper proposes that as CEOs move to higher levels of consciousness, their problem solving capabilities become more effective for their situational contexts. The argument set forth is that CEOs at higher levels of consciousness will be more effective problem solvers for their organizations and experience greater levels of self‐fulfillment than CEOs operating at lower levels on the Spectrum of Consciousness.
Analyze how peer effects and social influences affect attitudes and responses to corruption in tax systems, identifying factors that improve tax morale.
Abstract
Purpose
Analyze how peer effects and social influences affect attitudes and responses to corruption in tax systems, identifying factors that improve tax morale.
Design/methodology/approach
Life in Transition Survey (LITS III, 2016) data are analyzed using ordered probit models of corrupt tax officials, Heckman-style selection models of the extent of corruption, probit models of reasons given for not reporting corruption and ordered probit models of the frequency of informal payments to tax officials.
Findings
Peer effects and social influences significantly affect perceptions of and responses to corruption. Tax morale is supported in communities where people trust one another, where there is greater respect for the law and where people can achieve greater life satisfaction.
Research limitations/implications
Results are specific to transition countries represented in the data.
Practical implications
Findings can help improve tax morale and stabilize fiscal systems in transition countries.
Social implications
Enhanced tax morale can be facilitated by building inclusive, respectful and transparent institutions.
Originality/value
This study uses the latest LITS III data with a focus on peer effects and social influences, with improved empirical strategies.
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The new frontier: Go East, young man. Go East. Searching for business opportunities in Eastern Europe. In the March issue of The Intelligent Enterprise, John Ainslie predicts that…
Abstract
The new frontier: Go East, young man. Go East. Searching for business opportunities in Eastern Europe. In the March issue of The Intelligent Enterprise, John Ainslie predicts that the 90s will be a decade of disaster for the new democracies of Eastern Europe. The fledgling governments could be hit by up to 50 million Soviet economic refugees, according to Czech President Vaclav Havel, and Ainslie wonders if their fragile economies will be able to handle the strain.
De-Graft Owusu-Manu, David John Edwards, Michael Adesi, Edward Badu and Peter E.D. Love
Price fairness is important amongst construction and engineering consultants because a perceived lack of it engenders unwillingness to pay amongst clients. This can create…
Abstract
Purpose
Price fairness is important amongst construction and engineering consultants because a perceived lack of it engenders unwillingness to pay amongst clients. This can create contractual disputes that negatively impact upon a consultant’s ability to generate sufficient revenue to ensure business continuity and survival. With this in mind, this research aims to analyse the pricing measurement forces needed to attain pricing fairness within a Ghanaian construction cost consultancy practice. Specific objectives are to identify the key variables responsible for price fairness within cost consultant services and to establish any interrelationships between them.
Design/methodology/approach
This study leans towards the positivist methodological tradition by adopting a quantitative approach. A survey questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 79 construction cost consultancies, drawn from a population of 372, who were registered with the Ghana Institution of Surveyors. Hypotheses developed from the literature review were then tested on data collected.
Findings
The analysis revealed that fairness of construction cost consultancy services pricing is significantly related to value and affordability, pricing objectives, pricing strategies, taxes and international trade and its effects on inputs for construction cost consultancy services.
Originality/value
The paper advances knowledge by providing a basis for the consideration of pricing forces in the valuing of construction cost consultancy services which hitherto has not been the case.
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C. Bryan Foltz, Paul H. Schwager and John E. Anderson
This paper aims to improve understanding of individuals' awareness and perceptions of computer usage policies (CUPs) and why individuals elect not to read these policies.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to improve understanding of individuals' awareness and perceptions of computer usage policies (CUPs) and why individuals elect not to read these policies.
Design/methodology/approach
MBA students were asked to complete an online survey evaluating their behavioral intention to read CUPs, as well as their performance of this behavior. Factors contributing to the intention to read policies were also examined. The resulting data were analyzed with Smart PLS.
Findings
Results suggest that three factors influence individual intention to read CUPs. These factors include attitude, apathy, and social trust. The model explained about 70 percent of individual intention to read CUPs and about 44 percent of the variability in actually reading these policies.
Research limitations/implications
The sample is limited to MBA students from a single university.
Practical implications
Although written policy statements are often considered the cornerstone of computer security, many individuals elect not to read these policies. Thus, other methods of communication must be used.
Originality/value
This paper examines the reasons individuals elect not to read CUPs. Given the importance of these policies as deterrents to information systems misuse and computer crime, understanding why individuals fail to read policies is a critical first step in enhancing user knowledge of computer security.