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The unfortunate outcome of this lady's unusual dietary habits is known to us all — of course! — but if food had been found to contain such things the Food and Drugs Act might have been some consolation.

The commands of God which control the eating habits of orthodox Jews even today are given in the early books of the Old Testament in amazing detail. The criminal law which governs the fitness of food for all human consumption is contained in the Food Act 1984 and in Regulations made under it.

At the end of last year a new Act of Parliament found its way on to the Statue Book. Well — not so much a new one as a rewritten compilation of the old Act with all the alterations and amendments included in the main text.

This article is motivated by debates regarding Charles Perrow ' s Normal Accidents perspective which describes how technological systems are prone to failure if they have complexity and tight coupling. The purpose of this paper is to explore Normal Accidents conceptually to understand whether or not it might be feasible to disprove it or to find counterexamples.

The approach taken by this article is to identify and explore assumptions inherent in Normal Accidents which might make the perspective non-falsifiable.

The findings and discussion cover two principal assumptions inherent in Normal Accidents. First, no past record of the absence of a Normal Accident excludes the possibility of a future Normal Accident. Second, analysis of a Normal Accident is always relative to the selected definition of the system, but a system can potentially be defined so that there was or was not a Normal Accident.

Although the Normal Accidents perspective does not appear to be falsifiable, the perspective should still be taught and considered when designing and operating technological systems. The reason is that, even if Normal Accidents is a truism, it is not accepted as such, meaning that society is setting itself up for continual catastrophic failures of technology.

An exploration is provided of digging beneath the “Normal Accidents” perspective and its discussants to explore why the perspective is so important yet so rarely implemented in practice.

This volume includes two major explanations of the meltdown that I critically discuss. The first is a “normal accident theory” arguing that the complexity and coupling of the financial system caused the failure. Although these structural characteristics were evident, I argue that the case does not fit the theory because the cause was not the system, but behavior by key agents who were aware of the great risks they were exposing their firms, clients, and society to. The second interpretation is a neoinstitutional one, emphasizing that ideologies, worldviews, cognitive frames, mimicry, and norms were the source of behaviors that turned out to be disastrous for the elites and others. The implication is that elites were victims, not perpetrators. I argue that while ideologies, etc., can have real effects on the behavior of many firm members and society in general, in this case financial elites, to serve personal ends, crafted the ideologies and changed institutions, fully aware that this could harm their firms, clients, and the public. Complexity and coupling only made deception easier and the consequences more extensive. For anecdotal evidence I examine a decade of deregulation, examples of elected representative, regulatory officials, firms, and the plentiful warnings.

This study aims to provide an insight into the role of robots in the entertainment industry.

Following a short introduction, this study first considers applications in amusement parks and robotic rides and highlights some current development activities. It then discusses the roles of robots in film making. This is followed by a consideration of the role of humanoid robots and applications in the performing arts and includes details of some recent research. Finally, brief conclusions are drawn.

This study shows that robots are used in many sectors of the entertainment industry. These include applications in amusement parks which will expand due to technological innovations; camera control and the creation of special effects in film making; and all manner of existing and emerging applications in the performing arts, including dance, music and opera, where humanoid robots play a key role. Several fully robotic rock bands have been developed and recent research has shown that artificial intelligence techniques can allow robots to compose as well as play music.

This study shows the growing importance of robots in the entertainment industry by providing details of a selection of applications.

There is a great need for detailed information about environmental tourism projects in Latin America and many are using the Internet as a library. However, institutional Websites from environmental groups (World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, Conservation International) are often filled with outdated material. This paper will examine how Websites can assist local communities, students, policy‐makers and travellers in assessing ecotourism projects on the Web. We will examine some case studies and outline a process of improving Websites.

The purpose of this case study is to investigate how a small catering company has coped with the current Covid-19 pandemic. Initial research was performed in 2014 and repeated in 2018. Given the far reaching business challenges of the pandemic, the authors examined the viability of the organization within the current climate.

Embedded organizational components of culture, leadership and engagement are explored as key elements in the sustainability of the company during the pandemic crisis. Prior research data using the organizational culture inventory is used to assess organizational culture over a four-year period. Employee data and interview analysis within company structure is used to determine how leadership and employee engagement is impacted. Culture research is examined to determine the influence of company culture upon organizational survival.

This paper identifies workplace culture elements that contribute to company sustainability. Embedded core value systems, strong employee engagement mechanisms and focused leadership styles were observed to be critical influences upon company survival during the pandemic.

This research would assist industry professionals and practitioners in understanding the active workplace culture mechanisms found to be effective for organizational survival during periods of crisis. Companies that adopt similar practices may acquire sustainability advantage during the pandemic.

The following address has been sent to the President of the French Republic :—