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This study aims to validate the hypothesis that a country’s preparedness for epidemics and pandemics, as measured by the GHS Index, significantly influences inward FDI inflows. By examining panel data from 2019 to 2021, the research seeks to elucidate the impact of heightened epidemic and pandemic preparedness on investment behavior, thereby highlighting the importance of health resilience and preparedness in attracting foreign investment and fostering economic growth and development.

The study uses panel data spanning 181 countries from 2019 to 2021 and uses logarithmic regression models to analyze the impact of a country’s preparedness for epidemics and pandemics, as measured by the Global Health Security (GHS) Index, on inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows. Auxiliary variables including GDP, labor supply, openness rate, inflation rate and political stability are incorporated. Robust weighted least squares estimation techniques are used to account for potential heterogeneity and panel data characteristics.

The study reveals a consistent and statistically significant positive relationship between a country’s GHS score and inward FDI, indicating that destinations with robust health systems are more attractive to investors. Higher GHS scores correlate with reduced investment risk, improved business continuity during health crises and enhanced health-care infrastructure, leading to a healthier and more productive workforce.

While the study provides valuable insights into the relationship between epidemic and pandemic preparedness and inward FDI inflows, several limitations exist. The analysis relies on cross-sectional data from a relatively short timeframe (2019–2021), limiting the ability to capture long-term effects. Additionally, the study focuses on the GHS Index as a measure of preparedness, overlooking other potential determinants of FDI attractiveness. Future research could explore a broader range of health security indicators and incorporate longer-term data to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship.

This study contributes to the literature by examining the previously underexplored relationship between a country’s epidemic and pandemic preparedness, as measured by the GHS Index and inward FDI inflows. By using panel data analysis and robust econometric techniques, the research provides empirical evidence supporting the positive impact of robust health systems on FDI attractiveness. The findings underscore the importance of prioritizing public health initiatives and epidemic preparedness as integral components of attracting and retaining foreign investment, thereby fostering economic resilience and sustainable development in host countries.

The primary objective is to analyze the direct and short-run impact of hosting the FIFA World Cup on inward FDI, considering both aggregate and sectoral levels. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the moderating role of governance quality on this impact, emphasizing the importance of robust institutional frameworks in attracting FDI.

This paper uses panel data spanning 1970–2022, encompassing 12 countries that have hosted FIFA World Cup events. The study employs a linear regression model with a robust weighted least squares (RWLS) estimation method. It incorporates various control variables and the institutional quality as moderating variables, to evaluate the impact of hosting the FIFA World Cup on inward FDI at both aggregate and sectoral levels.

Hosting the FIFA World Cup is associated with a significant average increase of $4.33 bn in inward FDI at the aggregate level. Notably, governance quality serves as a critical moderating factor, with well-governed countries experiencing a more substantial increase in FDI, totaling $10.5 bn. At the sectoral level, the results reveal that poorly governed countries attract FDI in primary sectors, while well-governed countries attract FDI in secondary and tertiary sectors. This highlights the nuanced dynamics of FDI attraction depending on the institutional quality of the host countries.

A primary limitation lies in the scarcity of sectoral-level data, constraining the comprehensive study of the relationship between hosting mega-sport events and FDI. Future research could explore alternative data sources and methodologies to overcome this limitation. Additionally, extending the analysis to include other economic indicators beyond FDI could provide a more holistic understanding of the economic implications of hosting major international sporting events.

This study contributes to the literature by focusing exclusively on the FIFA World Cup and undertaking a comprehensive sectoral analysis. By incorporating governance quality as a moderating variable, it adds a nuanced layer to the understanding of the impact of hosting international events on FDI at the sectoral level. The findings underscore the importance of targeted strategies and robust institutional quality in enhancing FDI attractiveness.

This study aims to identify the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Morocco depending on each origin country, including Spain. This study uses a linear model to measure the marginal impact of FDI on the growth of Morocco. This marginal effect allows to compare the different effects of FDI among countries of origin. Also, the marginal effect helps to measure the rate of substitution between FDI in an easier way than the other specifications of the model. The second step determines the substitute for Spain in case he decides to divest its FDI from Morocco to maintain the economic growth.

Using data of FDI from 13 countries of origin from 1995 to 2020 and two estimation methods (Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares and Autoregressive model), this study aims to measure the marginal impact of the divestment of FDI from Spain on growth. Then this study estimates how much Morocco should attract FDI from other countries when Spain divests. This study uses the differential calculus, assuming a perfect substitution between FDI from different countries. This calculus implies an indifference curve between FDI from Spain and FDI from another country where we deduct the substitution rates between FDI.

The results indicate that the FDI from Spain and France are the only ones to impact positively Moroccan economic growth. The FDI coming from Germany, Holland, China and Turkey have a negative impact, whereas those from the USA, Italy, UK, Switzerland and Gulf countries: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and UAE have an insignificant effect. Second, using the differential calculus, the result indicates that when Spain divests 1m dirhams of its investments from Morocco, France would have to increase its own by 0.1509m dirhams so that Morocco could maintain its economic growth.

The research focuses only on economic growth, neglecting the impact on other aggregates, such as total factor productivity, technology transfer and employment. Also, this research marginalized the sectorial analysis of FDI by the source to better understand the divergent effects.

This paper fills a research gap when analyzing the effect of FDI on the host economy depending on country-of-origin. In addition, it contributes to the body of literature by constructing the rate of substitution between the different sources of FDI to adapt to divestment policy.