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Drawing on organization theory perspectives, this chapter investigates how multinational enterprises (MNEs) based in different home countries influence each other's foreign entry decisions. The proposition that the subsidiaries of multinationals from different countries constitute a reference environment and that this environment provides important information for potential new entrants was tested with panel data on foreign entries from 55 home countries into China from 1979 to 1995. The rate of new entries from a focal home country was found to correlate with the number of foreign subsidiaries already established by firms from other home countries with cultures similar to that of the focal home country. This was interpreted as reflecting transnational learning and competition. Uncertainty derived from home-host-country trade ties and cultural differences was shown to moderate this transnational mimetic learning.

Environmental sustainability orientation has emerged to drive firms into eco-friendly production. Yet, the consequence of this new strategic thinking on firms’ green innovations, especially small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs), remains unresolved. Recognizing that the connection between environmental sustainability orientation and green innovation may not always be direct, the study theorizes that dynamic capability and entrepreneurial orientation may form part of the boundary conditions that strengthen its effect on small enterprises’ green innovation. The study adjoins the dynamic capability theory with the entrepreneurial orientation theory to test this relationship among small businesses within a developing economy. Results from the partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) suggest that environmental sustainability orientation will result in green innovation when the SME’s dynamic capability can develop a creative reconfiguration of knowledge and new distinctive resources to support this new strategic direction. Similarly, findings from the study suggest that environmental sustainability orientation will translate into better green innovation outcomes when the SME entrepreneurial orientation has a solid attraction to protect the ecosystem and does not perceive green innovation as a risky enterprise.

The purpose of this paper is to explore new banks ' market niche position choices at the time of founding.

The authors used data on the establishment of new banking organizations in California, over 1979-1988, to test the hypotheses. During that time, banking within California experienced dramatic deregulation, which provided ample opportunities for new bank start-ups.

New banks were found to enter more often in specialist market niches when the market was highly concentrated, but less often when there were more non-bank financial institutions active in the market. The frequency of new specialist entries displayed an inverted U-shaped pattern as the number of established specialist banks in the market increased.

The findings confirm the idea that elements of market structure influence the niche positioning decisions of new ventures. The paper contributes to our understanding of entrepreneurial decision making in response to environmental conditions.

The purpose of this paper is to show that corporate governance structures differ significantly across countries. Using agency theory and institutional theory, it examines how ownership structure and national culture influence the size and leadership structure of the corporate boards of multinational firms based in industrial countries.

The hypotheses are tested with data on 399 multinational manufacturing firms based in 15 industrial countries. The authors use ownership concentration, bank control, and state ownership to represent ownership structure. They view institutional structural norms as components of national culture and infer the nature of these norms for governance structure from Hofstede's national culture dimensions.

The findings show that national culture has a dominant influence on corporate governance structure, and its emphasis is recommended in future cross‐national organizational research.

Although the models were successful in explaining MNC board structure, the authors addressed only the effects of ownership structure and national culture. It is expected that these models could be improved by including national political and legal differences and additional national economic variables.

The findings demonstrate that national cultures of the home countries of MNCs have powerful influences on their governance structures.

This paper links national culture with governance structure.

While these three studies investigated different aspects of MNE operations in China, they all seem to converge on one important research topic: the multifaceted role of learning in the choice of a firm's international expansion strategy (e.g., timing of entry into the Chinese market) or the choice of an organizational form as the vehicle for expansion (e.g., mode and extent of managerial control). The results show that learning occurs not only between foreign and local Chinese partners but also between existing and potential entrants from the same or culturally similar countries. In addition, they also suggest that learning affects not only the initial entry decision and mode choice but also the evolution of the relationship between the MNE entrant and its local partner over time. Furthermore, the study by Wang and Nicholas demonstrates that a MNE entrant into the highly dynamic Chinese market can expect to acquire new information about the country's evolving institutional environment and may find it advantageous to modify its strategic or organizational choices as the country's institutional reform progresses.

The previous decade has been characterized by emerging market firms expanding into international markets. This trend has led to scholars in the IB arena to grapple with the new phenomenon of emerging multinational enterprises (EMNEs), specifically the relationship between internationalization and performance of the EMNEs. This paper seeks to add to the literature by capturing the impact of firm resources on the internationalization‐performance relationship. Empirical analysis on a sample of 787 Indian manufacturing firms indicates that there is a non‐linear relationship between internationalization and performance. Findings also indicate that a firm’s capabilities in cost efficiency and marketing have a moderating impact on this relationship.

Aim of the present monograph is the economic analysis of the role of MNEs regarding globalisation and digital economy and in parallel there is a reference and examination of some legal aspects concerning MNEs, cyberspace and e‐commerce as the means of expression of the digital economy. The whole effort of the author is focused on the examination of various aspects of MNEs and their impact upon globalisation and vice versa and how and if we are moving towards a global digital economy.