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Article
Publication date: 30 August 2022

Loan Thi Pham, Thu Nguyen, Thanh Trinh, Anh Nguyen, Quang Do, Bien Bui and Jianzhuang Xiao

This study deals with three major topics: (1) the developed generations of 3D concrete printers, (2) the mix design approach for cement-based materials and (3) laboratory testing.

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Abstract

Purpose

This study deals with three major topics: (1) the developed generations of 3D concrete printers, (2) the mix design approach for cement-based materials and (3) laboratory testing.

Design/methodology/approach

The big question is how to approach and follow the trend of 3D concrete printing technology with limited conditions such as printers, technology issues and budget. Therefore, this research focused on dealing with prominent issues, including printing equipment, mixed proportion design approaches and laboratory testing methods will be presented and analyzed.

Findings

The details of three printing equipment, including a printhead, a small-scale 3D printer, a 3D concrete printer and the printing process related to Simplify and Mach3 software, will be revealed. Secondly, the classification and efficient process will be given according to the mixture proportion design method proposed. Thirdly, laboratory testing will be conducted, including extrudability, buildability and printability. Finally, some highlight conclusions are given based on the appearance and quality of the samples printed.

Research limitations/implications

Research has been carried out with cement-based materials and 3D concrete printer which adopted the screw extruders.

Practical implications

Mix design proportion method via coefficient and slump value proposed by the authors is a relatively effective and convenient method; the rheological properties, printing process and geometry of a sample are the most significant factors that decide the success of the printing work.

Social implications

Additive manufacturing, widely known as 3D printing, has recently drawn the attention of researchers worldwide for a few decades. Thanks to its capability to transform a drawing into an object, the idea of 3D printing has also attracted the attention of engineers, architects and investors.

Originality/value

(1) Mix design proportion via coefficient and slump value proposed by the authors is a relatively effective and convenient method that can be implemented simply at the laboratory or the site. (2) The ranges of coefficients by weight of the water, sand and PP fibers to binder are (0.27–0.3), (0.6–1.0) and around 0.3, respectively. The maximum sand size was smaller than 2.5 mm, and the small amount of PP fibers enhanced the quality and significantly reduced the printed samples' shrinkage. (3) The printability is affected by mix proportion and the relationship between nozzle printing speed parameter and extrusion speed of motor turning. (4) The chosen layer height recommended smaller than 0.83 times nozzle diameter is reasonable and improves adhesions and buildability. (5) The printing open time of the concrete mixture of (12–15) minutes is a barrel to promote 3D concrete printing technology and needs improvement.

Details

Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, vol. 12 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2046-6099

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Article
Publication date: 7 March 2016

Zhiming Ma, Tiejun Zhao, Jianzhuang Xiao and Ting Guan

Rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete is the major reason for the durability degradation, especially under harsh environment. This paper presents an experiment conducted to…

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Abstract

Purpose

Rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete is the major reason for the durability degradation, especially under harsh environment. This paper presents an experiment conducted to investigate the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete. The purpose of this paper is to provide fundamental information about rebar corrosion under frost environment and improvement measures.

Design/methodology/approach

The related elastic modulus and compressive strength of different concrete specimens were measured after different freeze-thaw cycles. The accelerated rebar corrosion test was carried out after different freeze-thaw cycles; additionally, the value of calomel half-cell potential was determined. The actual rebar corrosion appearance was checked to prove the accuracy of the results of calomel half-cell potential.

Findings

The results show that frost damage aggravates the rebar corrosion rate and degree under freeze-thaw environment; furthermore, the results become more obvious with the freeze-thaw cycles increasing. Mixing the air-entrained agent into fresh concrete to prepare air-entrained concrete, increasing the cover thickness and processing the surface of concrete with a waterproofing agent can significantly improve the resistance to rebar corrosion. From the actual appearance of rebar corrosion, the results of calomel half-cell potential can well reflect the actual rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete.

Originality/value

The durability of reinforced concrete is mainly determined on chloride penetration that brings about rebar corrosion in chloride environments. Furthermore, the degradation of concrete durability becomes more serious in the harsh environment. As the concrete exposure to the freeze-thaw cycles environment, the freeze-thaw cycles accelerate the concrete damage, and the penetration of chloride into the concrete becomes easier because of the growing pore and crack sizes. In addition, rebar corrosion caused by chloride is one of the major forms of environmental attack on reinforced concrete. The tests conducted in this paper will describe the rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete under freeze-thaw environment.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 63 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 8 December 2010

Subhash Yaragal, K S Babu Narayan, Katta Venkataramana, Kishor Kulkarni, H C Chinnagiri Gowda, G R Reddy and Akanshu Sharma

Concrete in structures is likely to be exposed to high temperatures during fire. The probability of its exposure to elevated temperatures is high due to natural hazards, accidents…

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Abstract

Concrete in structures is likely to be exposed to high temperatures during fire. The probability of its exposure to elevated temperatures is high due to natural hazards, accidents and sabotages. Therefore, the performance of concrete during and after exposure to elevated temperature is a subject of great importance and interest to the designer. Popular normal strength grades of concrete produced by Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) India, Mangalore have been used in production of test specimens (150 mm cubes), cured and tested by destructive method for gathering data on strength characteristics. Later, these test samples were subjected to elevated temperatures ranging from 100°C to 800°C, in steps of 100°C with a retention period of 2 hours. After exposure, weight losses and the residual compressive strength retention characteristics are studied. Test results indicated that weight and strength significantly reduces with an increase in temperature. Residual compressive strength prediction equations are proposed for normal strength concretes subjected to elevated temperatures.

Details

Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, vol. 1 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-2317

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