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Previous research on the relationship between cheif executive officer (CEO) and organizational performance focused primarily on behavior and demographic variables, but was seldom based on the CEO cognition perspective. To fill this gap, the purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between CEO cognition and organizational performance.

Taking CEO golden‐mean thinking as an independent variable, organizational performance as dependent variable, ambidextrous orientation as a mediating variable, interdependence and connectedness as moderating variables, and using a multi‐source data collection approach, data were collected from 193 Chinese firms to test the hypothesis by adopting hierarchical regression model.

CEO golden‐mean thinking is found to have significantly positive impacts on ambidextrous orientation and organizational performance. Ambidextrous orientation plays a partial mediating role between golden‐mean thinking and organizational performance, while independence and connectedness play joint moderating roles between ambidextrous orientation and organizational performance. The three‐way interaction among ambidextrous orientation, connectedness, and interdependence has a significantly positive effect on organizational performance.

CEOs should not only improve organizational performance through diversified, harmonious, and integrative thinking, but also enhance the ambidextrous ability by building ambidextrous orientation, connectedness, and interdependence mechanism in order to promote organizational performance.

As one of the most salient thinking characteristics in Chinese traditional culture, golden‐mean thinking increasingly has attracted scholars' attention. However, no previous scholar has applied this construct into leadership theory.

Increasing scarcity of natural resources and the adverse effects of unsustainable practices call for more and more efficient management strategies in the energy industry. The quality of the coke plays a significant role in the quality and durability of the output steel which is produced using the energy from the coal. This paper aims to investigate the dynamic coal blending problem under overall cost and coke quality constraints in the steel industry within a periodic cycle of operations.

Considering the variability of the natural properties over a periodic cycle, this study proposes a multi-period mixed-integer non-linear programming formulation to optimize the total blending costs while taking various coke quality constraints into account. Besides, this study applies factorial design to investigate about the significant effect of coal proportions as well as improvement into the overall cost of blending.

In this case study, utilizing real data from a coal blending facility in India, through a factorial design, the authors obtain optimal desirable levels of coal proportions and their criticality levels towards the total cost of blending (TCB) or objective function. This analysis reflects the role of the coke quality constraints in the objective function value while characterizing the price of sustainability for the case study among other critical insights.

Objective function (or TCB) includes basic coal cost, movement cost and environmental costs during the coal and coke processing at a coke-oven and blast furnace of steel industry. The price of sustainability provides managerial insights on that sacrifices the industry has to make in order to become more “sustainable”.