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Describes a tracer model, DREAM (the Danish Rimpuff and Eulerian Accidental release Model), developed for studying transport, dispersion, and deposition of air pollution caused by a single but strong source. The model is based on a combination of a Lagrangian short‐range puff model and a Eulerian long‐range transport model. It has been run and validated against measurements from the two European Tracer Experiment (ETEX) releases and from the Chernobyl accident. An air pollution forecast system, THOR, is under development, to make forecasts of various air pollutants on a European scale. Some preliminary results are shown. DREAM will be implemented in THOR for calculations of real time predictions of transport, dispersion and deposition of radioactive material from accidental releases (e.g. Chernobyl). Some applications of the DREAM model and examples of model results are described.

The aim of this book is to contribute to the understanding of product innovation – how it takes place and how it affects the economy. Our analysis of product innovation links it to interactive learning and to the performance of firms. On the basis of unique data sets and detailed case studies we study the interconnections between these three elements from different angles. We believe that the book will prove helpful for managers, employees and policy makers as well as for all those in academia who wants to understand the role of product innovation in the economy.

This chapter treats the management’s understanding of the potential of managing interaction between product innovation and learning. The chapter draws its empirical results from interviews with the management, project leaders, and other employees working on product innovations in five manufacturing firms visited three to four times during 2001–2002. It is shown that the managed interaction between innovation and learning is promoted by explicit strategic consideration and most strongly by a knowledge management strategy. Important positive and negative structural conditions are highlighted.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how access to financing for incremental as well as radical innovation activities is affected by firm-specific structural and behavioral characteristics.

Deploying a two-stage Heckman probit model on survey data spanning the period 2000–2013 and covering 1,169 firms, this paper analyzes the effect of a firm’s engagement in incremental and radical innovation on its likelihood to get constrained in their access to external finance, and how this effect is moderated by the firm’s age and size.

In line with earlier research, it is confirmed that the type of innovation matters for the access to external finance, but in a more nuanced way than generally portrayed. While incremental innovation activities have little negative effect on the access to external finance, radical innovation activities tend to be penalized by capital markets. This effect appears to be particularly strong for small firms.

This paper provides nuanced insights into the interplay between types of firm-level innovation activities, structural characteristic and access to external finance.

This chapter seeks to explain how societal institutions, which may exist at the national or regional levels, shape the types of organizational learning predominating at the level of the firm. It focuses on education and training systems, and labour markets as key societal institutions shaping the micro-level processes of learning and knowledge creation within and between firms. The chapter argues that tacit knowledge, which is difficult to create and transfer in the absence of social interaction and labour mobility, constitutes a most important source of learning and sustainable competitive advantage in the knowledge economy. It looks at the cases of Japan, the high-technology clusters in the USA and U.K., and Denmark as illustrative examples.

Globally, Denmark stands out in terms of achieving high employment rates, containing unemployment and providing a labour market model combining flexibility, security and activation with a strong role for the social partners. The Danish labour market institutions and policies are seen as the catalyst for the transformation from industrial economy to a globalised, post-industrial and knowledge-based economy in which socio-economic equality and workforce security go hand in hand with competitiveness and the adaptability of business. In the 2000s, this mutual relationship came to be known as the Danish flexicurity model. Meanwhile, as a policy blueprint, ‘flexicurity’ has never really influenced Danish politics, and the reforms implemented since the 2000s have deviated from the premises of the model. This paper critically assesses the Danish model and its institutional components. It tracks the emergence of the Danish collective bargaining model as well as the flexicurity model. It scrutinises the challenges and performance of the current Danish labour market institutions and policies in a comparative perspective and discusses the extent to which the Danish experiences can and should be imitated abroad.

Using the Employment in Britain dataset (a representative sample of employees in Britain in 1992) we analyse the determinants of learning within organizations at employee level. Questions were asked about the role of learning new skills in the respondent’s job. Various determinants of learning are explored such as human resource management practices, career patterns etc. These results are set within the context of a “competence building system” and related to current debates within the national systems of innovation literature.

The purpose of this paper is to make an empirical-based conceptualization of the contemporary domestic state-owned enterprises (SOEs) as domestic institutional market actors (IMAs) in the marketization of public service delivery.

The paper is based on a qualitative comparative case study of the SOEs in passenger rail in Denmark and Sweden from 1990 to 2015.

The paper shows how marketization results in a layered institutional set-up of public service delivery based on both competition and monopoly where the SOE becomes what we call an IMA bridging sectorial challenges. In Sweden, this role has a new public governance form as the monopoly over time is fully dismantled. In Denmark, over time marketization is put on hold due to problems with the SOE as a market actor, but the SOE is nevertheless safeguarded in a new Weberian model as a sector coordinator.

The paper contributes to the recent literature on SOEs and marketization with an original and novel conceptualization of contemporary SOEs in public governance.