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Organisations either keep spares for their own use, or‐for‐sale to other organisations. In either case, the ultimate need is to be able to replace worn or defective parts in operational machinery or equipment. In an economic sense, spares are kept to meet the needs of the situation in the cheapest way.

The tractive force between two slightly overlapped steel teeth exhibits a remarkably linear relationship with m.m.f. over a considerable range of variables. This occurs despite complex and varying patterns of field at the tooth surfaces, with local flux densities approaching 3 Tesla. A theoretical explanation is not readily available. Results of a computational investigation are reported and analytical approaches considered.

Introduction Depending on the way of teaching process organization the theory of electromagnetic field is considered either as a part of theoretical electrical engineering or as an individual subject. The electromagnetic field theory plays a double role in the education of electric engineers: comprehensive or specialized one. However, the electromagnetic field can be treated from the other point of view. It can be lectured with pointing out the calculation methods or phenomena occurring in “pure” electromagnetic field, and on the other hand, with reference to phenomena occurring in coupled fields, where those fields are affecting non‐living or having objects.

Interest in numerical methods for solving electromagnetic field problems has in the last years set back the development of analytical methods. However, analytical methods can be advantageous in many cases and, as usual, give better insight to the solved problem. For this purpose a new analytical approach based on application of quaternions (hyper complex numbers) is presented in this paper.

The 3D magnetic field in the region with ventilation duct of electrical machine has been analyzed. The method of reduced scalar magnetic potential in connection with the FE method has been used to solve the problem. On the basis of field distribution, the slot leakage permeance has been calculated. The problem has also been solved analytically. It has been assumed that the radial component of magnetic field density in ventilation ducts is equal to zero. The comparison of results leads to the conclusion that, in practice, the analytical calculations are satisfactory accurate.

This paper seeks to identify and define the genre of corporate history within the pervasive historical discourse produced by and about organizations which tells the past of an organization across a multiplicity of texts: published works – commissioned and critical accounts, academic tomes and glossy coffee‐table books – as well as web pages, annual reports and promotional pamphlets.

The approach takes the form of systematic reading of historical narratives for 85 mainly British and US companies from the Fortune Global 500. For these companies, a search was carried out for US printed sources in the British Library and a survey was conducted of historical content in web pages.

From extensive reading of the historical discourse, recurrent formal features (medium, authorship, publication, paratext and imagery) and elements of thematic content (narrative, characters, cultural paradigms and business success), which together define the genre of corporate history, have been identified. Such a definition provides competence in the reading of historical narratives of organizations and raises questions regarding the role of history in organizational identity, memory and communication. In conclusion it is argued that the interpretation of corporate history cannot be reduced to its promotional function for organizations.

The list of the formal features and thematic content of corporate history detailed here is by no means exhaustive. They are not variables, but signs, which, in various combinations, compose the narrative and signify the genre.

It seems likely that coffee‐table books will increasingly replace academic commissioned histories, with consultants professionalizing the discourse and formalizing the genre of corporate history.

The genre of corporate history has hitherto been neglected in organization theory, where the linguistic turn has led to a preoccupation with talk as text. The use of genre to analyse corporate history represents a textual turn to literary organizational texts as text.

It is proposed that public libraries have a duty to collect material from alternative publishers (in both fiction and non‐fiction and in all media) to better reflect the diversity of their communities. This paper aims to investigate the links between alternative publishing and public libraries in Scotland.

Two surveys (based on the 1979 Alternative Acquisitions Project) were carried out of alternative publishers and public libraries in Scotland. Questions were based on those in the 1979 survey, except where updated to accommodate new technologies. A literature review was also carried out to contextualise survey findings.

While alternative publishers and public libraries were aware of each other, alternative publishers faced many hurdles in getting their material in public libraries. For their part, public libraries were constrained by budgets but wanted to extend support for alternative publishing.

This paper re‐uses a previously tried and tested methodology to create a comparable and up to date study of an area of publishing often overlooked. Alternative publishing is revealed as a flourishing area, despite trends towards fewer and larger publishing outlets. Public libraries are seen as having a vital role to play in giving an outlet to alternative publishing.