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IN the autumn of 1967 I was actively concerned in the defence of AEI against the GEC bid. GEC made an offer to the AEI stockholders; the offer was increased twice; within six weeks from the first announcement a bare majority of the AEI stockholders accepted the offer. In this way, the whole future of AEI was transformed; the future of its directors and many of its officials and employees was changed; all its ordinary stockholders eventually became interested in another company; the structure of the electrical manufacturing industry underwent critical changes and the formation of the merged company precipitated other changes.

A point repeatedly brought forward for the defence, or at all events for the purpose of mitigating the fine, in adulteration cases, is the statement that defendant's goods have been analysed on former occasions and have been found genuine. As illustrating the slight value of analyses of previous samples may be taken the average laudatory analyses on patent or proprietary foods, drinks, or medicine. The manufacturer calculates—and calculates rightly—that the general public will believe that the published analysis of a particular specimen which had been submitted to the analytical expert by the manufacturer himself, guarantees all the samples on the market to be equally pure. History has repeatedly proved that in 99 cases out of 100 the goods found on the market fall below the quality indicated by the published analyses. Not long ago a case bearing on this matter was tried in court, where samples of cocoa supplied by the wholesale firm were distributed; but, when the retailer tried to sell the bulk of the consignment, he had repeated complaints from his customers that the samples were a very much better article than what he was then supplying. He summoned the wholesale dealer and won his case. But what guarantee have the general public of the quality of any manufacturer's goods—unless the Control System as instituted in Great Britain is accepted and applied ? Inasmuch as any manufacturer who joins the firms under the British Analytical Control thereby undertakes to keep all his samples up to the requisite standard; as his goods thenceforth bear the Control stamp; and as any purchaser can at any time submit a sample bought on the open market to the analytical experts of the British Analytical Control, free of any charge, to ascertain if the sample is up to the published and requisite standard, it is plain that a condition of things is created which not only protects the public from being cheated, but also acts most beneficially for these firms which are not afraid to supply a genuine article. The public are much more willing to buy an absolutely guaranteed article, of which each sample must be kept up to the previous high quality, rather than one which was good while it was being introduced, but as soon as it became well known fell off in quality and continued to live on its reputation alone.

Spaniards do not have a term to define the diarrhoea and vomiting, occurring either singly or in combination, which affects British tourists to Spain. Enfermedad espanola, a generic term, explains nothing, no more than the term “Spanish ‘tummy’” and from the number of reports by returning visitors of sickness, ranging from one‐day vomiting or diarrhoea to a week or more of severe symptoms, often leading to prostration and collapse, varied pathology is indicated; a combination of causes, although how much is due to intestinal pathogens and how much to plain dietary disturbance is not known. What is certain, however, is that the incidence rate is very high; during the height of the summer anything from 80 to 100%.

ONE effect of sharing a common language with America is the imposition of a surfeit of books on matters like work study, in which our own literature is modest indeed. The almost simultaneous publication of two books with a common subject is therefore very unusual. They both deal with work measurement, one in forty‐seven chapters and the other in fifteen. Since books are not judged by a quantitative standard this is no guide to their respective merits.

The Regulations prescribing minimum meat content of a wide variety of meat products, for which we have been patiently waiting several years, will soon be with us and merge with the broad current of legislation controlling the quality of food. Even the plebeian sausage, living in sin all these years, may soon be legitimately wedded to a respectable meat content. It is interesting to note that the Food Standards Committee reported on sausages as long ago as 1956. Canned Meat and Meat Pies were reported on in 1962 and 1963 respectively and the Government's new proposals for regulations for these take into account the comments of interested parties. The present proposals lay down minimum standards of meat content for meat pies, uncooked meat pies, Scottish pies and meat and vegetable pies; for all types of canned meat except those which make clear that meat is not the major ingredient; and for all sausages, including frankfurters, liver sausage and black puddings, for meat with cereal and meat with jelly products; and in each class of meat product there are labelling and advertising provisions. So, at long last, it would seem that the unflagging efforts of all those engaged in food administration, especially the work of the Food Standards Committee, have borne fruit.

1966 may not prove to be one of the vintage years in the field of food quality control, but it holds the promise of some particularly important developments; for new and improved compositional standards for a number of processed and pre‐cooked foods and a stricter regulation of the description of almost all foods. New Labelling of Food Regulations, more extensive than anything that has gone before, may have been finally made before the end of the year. (The last day for representations in the several divisions of the proposed Regulations was actually this January 13). The Food Standards Committee's recommendations were comprehensive but necessary and it is hoped that the regulations will show no serious whittling away of these recommendations.

There have been a number of studies of church‐state relations and the place of religion in education in nineteenth and early twentieth century Victoria. However, these studies, including J. S. Gregory’s authoritative Church and State, offer no significant discussion of Rationalism. This is somewhat surprising, since Gregory’s influential earlier discussion of church, state and education up to 1872 had included a few paragraphs on Rationalism. It is even more surprising that it was overlooked in Gregory’s later and larger study, which extends to the early twentieth century, since Rationalism was by then a much more powerful force. A consequence of this omission, together with the general shift of scholarly interest away from the church‐state issue, is that little is known about Rationalism and its approach to church‐state relations in the period when, arguably, it was a force to be reckoned with. This article helps correct this omission, first, by examining the development of Rationalism in Victoria up to the early 1900s, and second, by exploring its successful campaign against the Protestant attempt to install a divinity degree at the University of Melbourne.

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether there is historical support for the proposal of Smith, Montagno and Kuzmenko that the specific cultures associated with transformational and/or servant leadership would be more or less applicable, based on context. Moreover, its purpose is also to demonstrate that a historical approach can be used effectively to examine such constructs.

The paper presents a historical examination of the military retreats of Xenophon, a transformational leader, and Chief Joseph, a servant leader, during very similar contextual crises.

Given similar contexts, the historical record offers support for the proposal of Smith et al.

First, the retreats of Xenophon and Chief Joseph were separated by many hundreds of years and miles. Also inherent with this type of methodology is simple disagreement among readers. Although this author finds great similarity in the retreats of Xenophon and Chief Joseph, there are certainly differences that could be scrutinized as well. Moreover, others might be dissatisfied with the selection of Xenophon and Joseph to represent the leadership styles presented, or with the conclusions regarding their effectiveness. Such debate should be encouraged and could provide additional avenues for future research. Further, the current study considered leader effectiveness only as it related to the achievement of the organizational goal(s). It could be that Joseph's cohorts were more satisfied, committed, etc. than were the followers of Xenophon. This line of inquiry should also be pursued.

This research suggests that transformational leader behavior is likely to be more appropriate during times of significant organizational change.

This is the first study that has examined the speculation of Smith et al. and the first to demonstrate that a historical approach can add to one's understanding of such constructs.

This paper aims to show how industrial thinking has led to a myopic focus on individual leadership styles to the potential detriment of a broader understanding of leadership. Also, to present the Nez Perce leadership council as an exemplar of post‐industrial leadership. Finally, to demonstrate that a historical approach can be used effectively to elucidate such constructs.

A historical examination of the popular portrayal versus the actual functioning of the non‐treaty Nez Perce leadership council during the conflict of 1877.

Although Chief Joseph has often been considered the supreme leader of the Nez Perce during the conflict period (industrial view), the group was actually led by a leadership council, which functioned in the manner described by Rost and Smith as post‐industrial leadership.

Although the paper illuminates Rost and Smith's model, it does not attempt to assess the effectiveness of post‐industrial leadership, as the successes and failures of the Nez Perce during the conflict period could be attributed to other variables beyond the authors' scope. It is to be hoped, however, that future researchers will continue the debate concerning leadership and its peripheral elements.

It is suggested that contemporary organizational leaders should be focused on leadership beyond style and might consider the post‐industrial model for mutually satisfying influence, particularly with the team‐based and flattened structures common to the modern firm.

The use of a historical example and method to exemplify the contemporary model of post‐industrial leadership. Further, to demonstrate how industrial thinking has encouraged many to focus on the periphery of leadership.