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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1972

JACOB ZABARA

The mind‐brain duality has engendered fundamental problems integral to both neurocybernetics and psychobiology. Although Greek thought did not, in general, separate mind from…

39

Abstract

The mind‐brain duality has engendered fundamental problems integral to both neurocybernetics and psychobiology. Although Greek thought did not, in general, separate mind from nature, by the time of Descartes in Western civilization, a division had been made between mind (or soul) and brain. Descartes formalized this concept in the construction of the reflex which is basic to almost all disciplines relating to the nervous system. Thus, the dualities of mind‐brain, stimulus‐response and environment‐organism entered into the scientific constructs of our time. An attempt is developed here to demonstrate analytical and experimental approaches for a new concept of the nervous system in which the existence of these dualities is no longer necessary.

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Kybernetes, vol. 1 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0368-492X

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Article
Publication date: 1 August 2001

Jaroslav Mackerle

Gives a bibliographical review of the error estimates and adaptive finite element methods from the theoretical as well as the application point of view. The bibliography at the…

1686

Abstract

Gives a bibliographical review of the error estimates and adaptive finite element methods from the theoretical as well as the application point of view. The bibliography at the end contains 2,177 references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations dealing with the subjects that were published in 1990‐2000.

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Engineering Computations, vol. 18 no. 5/6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0264-4401

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Article
Publication date: 13 May 2021

John Thøgersen and Susanne Pedersen

Filling a gap in extant research regarding the measurement of an export country's environmental image and investigating its importance for consumers' evaluation of an…

612

Abstract

Purpose

Filling a gap in extant research regarding the measurement of an export country's environmental image and investigating its importance for consumers' evaluation of an environmentally differentiated imported product.

Design/methodology/approach

Online surveys carried out in Denmark (Study 1), Germany and France (Study 2; N˜500 from each country). In Study 1, we develop an environmental country image instrument and investigate its nomological validity vis-à-vis other country image constructs and Danish consumers' evaluation of organic milk from Germany. In Study 2, we validate the instrument with consumers from Germany and France, evaluating organic milk from Denmark.

Findings

Consumers differentiate between a country's environmental image and its general and production-related images. The country's environmental image is important to consumers' evaluation of an environmentally differentiated product from the country. Specifically, we find that a country's environmental image strongly influences its product-specific images and, through these, the consumer's evaluation of an organic food product from the country.

Practical implications

Consumers' use of a country's environmental image as a cue to the credibility of environmental claims gives competitive advantages to exporters from countries with a favorable environmental image, while exporters from countries with an unfavorable environmental image need measures to compensate. Companies and countries should monitor how the environmental image of their country evolves in important markets and be ready to act when facing damages to their country's environmental image.

Originality/value

This article is the first to propose a measure of environmental country image and to document that consumers use the environmental image of an exporting country to assess environmental claims on imported products.

Details

International Marketing Review, vol. 38 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0265-1335

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