Over the last ten years the number and proportion of requests being satisfied by photocopying at the British Library Lending Division has increased greatly. There are two main…
Abstract
Over the last ten years the number and proportion of requests being satisfied by photocopying at the British Library Lending Division has increased greatly. There are two main methods, using Rank Xerox 1000 machines and Rank Xerox Copyflo machines respectively. The main disadvantage of both methods is the poor reproduction of half‐tones and to overcome this problem a Mitsubishi U‐bix II machine is also used. Duplicate microforms are normally made by the diazo method which is cheaper than the traditional silver halide method and which also results in a product which is more resistant to water and to scratching. The Lending Division also prefers microfiche to roll film because of the ease of duplication of the former. A hard copy enlargement service is also available from the Division but the demand is fairly small. The library also has a small offset litho unit. The proportion of material received in microform is increasing slowly, however there has been a steady change from roll microfilm to microfiche. Developments in automatic input of hard copy text into a computer may change existing publishing patterns but the economics of present methods make dramatic changes unlikely in the near future.
Alastair J. Allan and Elaine Dean
Presents and analyses the important developments in interlendingduring 1992‐1993. Relating trends to a selection of recent publications,the review concentrates on the developing…
Abstract
Presents and analyses the important developments in interlending during 1992‐1993. Relating trends to a selection of recent publications, the review concentrates on the developing pattern of service provision and electronic initiatives as the two broad themes. Particular topics chosen as the year′s key issues are the British Library strategic plan, charging between libraries, networking, library and information planning, the provision of minority language material and the role of the regional library system. Discusses the implications of redirections in Government policy.
Details
Keywords
Examines the tenth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects. Subjects…
Abstract
Examines the tenth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects. Subjects discussed include cotton fabric processing, asbestos substitutes, textile adjuncts to cardiovascular surgery, wet textile processes, hand evaluation, nanotechnology, thermoplastic composites, robotic ironing, protective clothing (agricultural and industrial), ecological aspects of fibre properties – to name but a few! There would appear to be no limit to the future potential for textile applications.
Details
Keywords
Dan Wang, Yabing Wei, Kang Pan, Jiagang Li and Miaoxin Jiao
This paper aims to investigate the effects of different volume fractions of Al2O3-water nanofluid on flow and heat transfer under chaotic convection conditions in an L-shaped…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the effects of different volume fractions of Al2O3-water nanofluid on flow and heat transfer under chaotic convection conditions in an L-shaped channel, comparing the difference of numerical simulation results between single-phase and Eulerian–Lagrangian models.
Design/methodology/approach
The correctness and accuracy of the two calculation models were verified by comparing with the experimental values in literature. An experimental model of the L-shaped channel was processed, and the laser Doppler velocimeter was used to measure the velocities of special positions in the channel. The simulated values were compared with the experimental results, and the correctness and accuracy of the simulation method were verified.
Findings
The calculated results using the two models are basically consistent. Under the condition of Reynolds number is 500, when the volume fractions of nanofluid range from 1% to 4%, the heat transfer coefficients simulated by single-phase model are 1.49%–25.80% higher than that of pure water, and simulated by Eulerian–Lagrangian model are 3.19%–27.48% higher than that of pure water. Meanwhile, the friction coefficients are barely affected. Besides, there are obvious secondary flow caused by lateral oscillations on the cross sections, and the appearance of secondary flow makes the temperature distributions uniform on the cross section and takes more heat away, thus the heat transfer performance is enhanced.
Originality/value
The originality of this work is to reveal the differences between single-phase and two-phase numerical simulations under different flow states. The combination of chaotic convection and nanofluid indicates the direction for further improving the heat transfer threshold.
Details
Keywords
Purpose – Studies suggest that children's experiences during first grade help establish educational trajectories that eventually shape their life chances. Research also indicates…
Abstract
Purpose – Studies suggest that children's experiences during first grade help establish educational trajectories that eventually shape their life chances. Research also indicates that student attentiveness in the classroom is integral to learning and later academic achievement, with low-income students of color running a greater risk of “attentional difficulties.”
Methodology – Joining these two bodies of work, I map the social conditions that shape attentiveness in the first-grade classrooms of “at-risk” students. Using ethnographic data collected over three school years, I examine how children actively construct attentiveness during their everyday interactions at school.
Findings – First graders sustain attention but often onto their own auto-involvements and mutual engagements, focal concerns teachers consider “distractions.” By learning the moment-by-moment variations of what to pay attention to and how “attentiveness” looks, children navigate the social ropes of schooling. Young students apply these lessons to self and peers, regulating attentiveness and socializing one another to the norms of their classroom. They are also resourceful actors who skillfully use their understandings of attentiveness to maneuver around the strict order of the day. Schoolchildren multitask, conceal other focal concerns, and give the impression of attentiveness, all of which influence what behaviors get detected as “(in)attentive.”
Details
Keywords
Two cases recently decided by the U.S. Supreme Court will likely determine the future direction of U.S. higher education. The cases Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger…
Abstract
Two cases recently decided by the U.S. Supreme Court will likely determine the future direction of U.S. higher education. The cases Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger challenge the legality of affirmative action programs in the University of Michigan Law School and in the University of Michigan Undergraduate College. The plaintiffs, supported by the Center for Individual Rights and other conservative organizations, contend that the University of Michigan's affirmative action programs engage in “reverse discrimination” by favoring Black and Latino students for admission over equally or better qualified white students. The University of Michigan, joined by a broad coalition of universities, corporations, and social activist organizations, reject characterizations of affirmative action programs in the Law School and Undergraduate College as “racial preferences” or “racial quotas.” Instead, the University argues that race is but one of several factors legitimately considered in the effort to assemble a diverse student body where the educational benefits of diversity are maximized.
Examines the fifteenth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects…
Abstract
Examines the fifteenth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects. Subjects discussed include cotton fabric processing, asbestos substitutes, textile adjuncts to cardiovascular surgery, wet textile processes, hand evaluation, nanotechnology, thermoplastic composites, robotic ironing, protective clothing (agricultural and industrial), ecological aspects of fibre properties – to name but a few! There would appear to be no limit to the future potential for textile applications.