The principal and, many would say, the sole purpose of management is to maximise the freeholder's or long leaseholder's interest in land or property both in the short term and…
A method is derived for estimating a discrete choice model incorporating heteroscedasticities to reflect repeated measurement problems. Heterogeneity of each observation is…
Abstract
A method is derived for estimating a discrete choice model incorporating heteroscedasticities to reflect repeated measurement problems. Heterogeneity of each observation is characterised by a specific scale function and individual heterogeneity is introduced in the random utility choice model. This research proves that the unobserved influences affecting a specific individuals' mode choice are correlated from one of his or her selections to the next repeated questions. This research also suggest a strong evidence of learning effect, implying variances would be decrease as the responses faces repeated questions.
Shenja van der Graaf, Le Anh Nguyen Long and Carina Veeckman
Frédéric Dobruszkes and Moshe Givoni
This chapter provides a critical discussion of air to rail mode substitution. Environmental impacts, intermodal competition and integration are considered, examining advantages…
Abstract
Purpose
This chapter provides a critical discussion of air to rail mode substitution. Environmental impacts, intermodal competition and integration are considered, examining advantages and disadvantages as well as opportunities and constraints.
Originality
Both operation and life-cycle analysis perspectives show that high-speed rail (HSR) is much ‘greener’ than air transport (per seat-km or per passenger-km) provided that the former achieves high load factors and the latter lower load factors and that freed runway capacity is not reused. HSR travel time is its main competitive advantage against air transport, and a 600-km flight is arguably the current limit for robust intermodal effects.
Findings
The potential for air–HSR integration at the airport relies on various service, business and technical constraints. Even when it is successful, its environmental benefit appears to be marginal, if not negative, if airport capacity is reused for longer flights. In the current context, such integration appears more like a business opportunity for airlines, airports and train operators rather than a sustainable option. Yet the environmental benefit of integration may be larger within potential integrated transport policies.
Details
Keywords
Tim Loreman, Chris Forlin, Dianne Chambers, Umesh Sharma and Joanne Deppeler
This chapter provides an overview of inclusive education, specifically examining conceptualisations of inclusive education and some of the models used to frame an evaluation of…
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of inclusive education, specifically examining conceptualisations of inclusive education and some of the models used to frame an evaluation of the practice. While international human rights agreements, covenants and legislation provide definitions that focus on equity, access, opportunity and rights, inclusive education continues to lack a tight conceptual focus that may contribute to its misconception and often confused practices. In the absence of a unified definition of what inclusion is, attempts to measure or compare such a complex equity issue are challenging. Some promising models do, however, exist and are explored in this chapter.
Details
Keywords
What counts as the heart of access to educational opportunities for children with learning disabilities depends on the context in which the issue is viewed. Globally, there can be…
Abstract
What counts as the heart of access to educational opportunities for children with learning disabilities depends on the context in which the issue is viewed. Globally, there can be little doubt that addressing poverty and international debt would make most difference. On a more local basis, while poverty remains the single most important factor, physical factors, location, attitudes, curriculum and the nature of the individual's disabilities are also important in facilitating or impeding access. These factors do not operate singly, but in complex interaction with each other. An examination of the literature shows a tendency for different aspects of access to be in the limelight at different times, but a great deal of progress has been made towards understanding how access can be facilitated. This paper concludes that the greatest danger lies in oversimplifying the issues and concentrating on some problems to the neglect of others. Further progress can best be achieved through taking seriously the nature and complexity of the barriers to access, especially for children with the most severe disabilities.