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The purpose of this paper is to present novel analytical expressions which describe the 3D magnetic field of arbitrarily magnetized triangular‐shaped charged surfaces. These versatile expressions model that the field of triangular‐shaped permanent magnets (PMs) are very suitable to model skewed slotless machines.

The analytical 3D surface charge method is normally used to provide field expressions for PMs in free space. In this paper, the analytical surface charge integrals are analytically solved for charged right‐triangular surfaces. The resulting field is compared with that obtained by finite element modeling (FEM) and subsequently applied in two examples.

The comparison with FEM shows that the 3D analytical expressions are very accurate and exhibit very low‐numerical noise. These fast‐solving versatile expressions are therefore considered suitable to model triangular‐shaped or polyhedral‐shaped PMs.

The surface charge method assumes that the relative permeability is equal to 1 and therefore soft‐magnetic materials need to be modeled using the method of images. The PMs are assumed to be ideal in terms of homogeneity, magnetization vector, permeability, demagnetization, and geometrical tolerances.

Many applications, such as the subclass of slotless synchronous linear actuators with a skewed PM structure and planar magnetic bearings, are very suitable to incorporate this modeling technique, since it enables the analysis of a variety of performance data.

As an addition to the common 3D analytical field expressions for cuboidal or cylindrical PMs, this paper presents novel expressions for magnets having triangular surfaces.

An appropriate equivalent model is the key to the effective analysis of the system and structure in which permanent magnet takes part. At present, there are several equivalent models for calculating the interacting magnetic force between permanent magnets including magnetizing current, magnetic charge and magnetic dipole–dipole model. How to choose the most appropriate and efficient model still needs further discussion.

This paper chooses cuboid, cylindrical and spherical permanent magnets as calculating objects to investigate the detailed calculation procedures based on three equivalent models, magnetizing current, magnetic charge and magnetic dipole–dipole model. By comparing the accuracies of those models with experiment measurement, the applicability of three equivalent models for describing permanent magnets with different shapes is analyzed.

Similar calculation accuracies of the equivalent magnetizing current model and magnetic charge model are verified by comparison between simulation and experiment results. However, the magnetic dipole–dipole model can only accurately calculate for spherical magnet instead of other nonellipsoid magnets, because dipole model cannot describe the specific characteristics of magnet's shape, only sphere can be treated as the topological form of a dipole, namely a filled dot.

This work provides reference basis for choosing a proper model to calculate magnetic force in the design of electromechanical structures with permanent magnets. The applicability of different equivalent models describing permanent magnets with different shapes is discussed and the equivalence between the models is also analyzed.

An accurate and fast dynamic analysis innovative approach for vehicle parts is provided for engineering practice.

This paper presents an innovative dynamic analysis approach for vehicle parts based on parallel optimization algorithm with CUDA.

This project is supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 51805076, No. U1708255 and No. 51775093), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. N170503011) and the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, China (No. 20180551058).

This paper presents an innovative approach for vehicle parts using parallel optimization algorithm based on CUDA, which can improve the computing accuracy and speed effectively.

Sharing services increasingly extends beyond intraorganizational concentration of service delivery. Organizations have started to promote cooperation across their boundaries to deal with strategic tensions in their value ecosystem, moving beyond traditional outsourcing. This chapter addresses two research questions geared to the challenge of interorganizational shared services (ISS): why would organizations want to get and remain involved in ISS? And: what are the implications of ISS for (inter)organizational value creation?

The conceptual chapter reviews literature pertaining to ISS from public, commercial, and nongovernmental sectors. ISS is understood as a multistakeholder organizational innovation. In order to analyze ISS and conduct empirical research, we developed a taxonomy and research framework.

The chapter shows how ISS can be positioned in value chains, distinguishing vertical, horizontal, and hybrid ISS. It outlines ISS implications for developing business models, structures, and relationships. Success factors and barriers are presented that epitomize the dynamic interplay of organizational autonomy and interorganizational dependence.

The research framework offers conceptual ideas for theoretical and empirical work. Researchers involved in ISS studies may adopt strategic, strategic innovation, and organizational innovation perspectives.

ISS phases are distinguished to focus innovation management — initiation, enactment, and evaluation. Furthermore, insights are provided into processes and interventions aimed at making ISS a success for participating organizations.

Cross-sectoral perspective on ISS; taxonomy of ISS; research framework built on organization and strategic management literature.

Semi-active suspension systems with electromagnetic dampers allow energy regeneration and the required control strategies are easier to implement than the active suspensions are. This paper aims to address the application of a tubular linear permanent magnet synchronous machine for a semi-active suspension system.

Classical rules of mechanics and electromagnetics were applied to describe a dynamic model combining vibration and electrical machines theories. A multifaceted MATLAB®/Simulink model was implemented to incorporate equations and simulate global performance. Experimental tests on an actual prototype were carried out to investigate displacement transmissibility of the passive case. In addition, simulation results were shown for the dissipative semi-active case.

The application of the developed model suggests convergent results. For the passive case, numerical and experimental outcomes validate the parameters and confirm system function and proposed methodology. MATLAB®/Simulink results for the semi-active case are consistent, showing an improvement on the displacement transmissibility. These agree with the initial conceptual thoughts.

The use of linear electromagnetic devices in suspension systems is not a novel idea. However, most published papers on this subject outline active solutions, neglect semi-active ones and focus on experimental studies. However, here a dynamic mechanical-electromagnetic coupled model for a semi-active suspension system is reported. This is in conjunction with a linear electromagnetic damper.