K.C. Roy and J.C.H. Chai
Increased economic insecurity helps to spur individuals to work harder and be more efficient according to the theory of work incentive. However, in a civilised society, the…
Abstract
Increased economic insecurity helps to spur individuals to work harder and be more efficient according to the theory of work incentive. However, in a civilised society, the society has a moral obligation to provide basic needs and social safety nets for its poor and unfortunate members who, due to factors beyond their own control, have not been able to earn a living. This paper analyses the trade‐off between economic reforms and economic and social security in India and China. The findings show that both countries’ attempts to minimise the social costs of economic reforms have not been successful. The policy implications are also discussed.
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Sandra S. Liu and Yi‐Zheng Shi
The past two decades have witnessed significant changes in China as it has moved from a centrally planned economy to a more market‐oriented one. As a socialist nation, state owned…
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed significant changes in China as it has moved from a centrally planned economy to a more market‐oriented one. As a socialist nation, state owned enterprises (SOEs) continue to comprise a dominant part of economic activity in China. While many SOEs are inefficient and incur losses, economic reforms since the late 1970s have brought about irrevocable changes in the manner in which Chinese SOEs conduct their business. The important agenda for the Chinese government now is how to “vitalize” state sectors and ensure that SOEs are able to strive for their own survival. SOEs therefore are exploring ways to improve the productivity of their current operation and to enhance innovativeness in their business development, including seeking financial and technological resources overseas. The varying levels of market‐orientation in SOEs present diverse outcomes for the SOEs. This study attempts to evaluate the extent to which the SOEs have adopted market‐based organizational learning (Sinkula, Baker, and Noordewier 1997), market orientation (Deshpande and Farley 1998), entrepreneurial orientation (Smart and Conant 1994), and learning and innovativeness (Hurley and Hult 1998).
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This paper reviews the strategic responses of successful local Chinese banks (LCBs) in the changeable Hong Kong banking sector over the past decades. Given the mixed outlook of…
Abstract
This paper reviews the strategic responses of successful local Chinese banks (LCBs) in the changeable Hong Kong banking sector over the past decades. Given the mixed outlook of the industry resulting from the handover of sovereignty, financial internationalization, and regional and domestic economic developments, this paper also discusses the benefits of using strategic alliance as a means for LCBs to meet current and future challenges. Based on case reviews, the paper demonstrates the values of strategic management concepts for small banks to cope with an externally oriented and politically uncertain operating environment.
Vicki A. Hosek and Lara J. Handsfield
The purpose of this study was to examine teacher decisions surrounding opportunities for student voice, experiences and beliefs in digital classroom communities. The teachers’…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine teacher decisions surrounding opportunities for student voice, experiences and beliefs in digital classroom communities. The teachers’ decisions reflect monologic rather than dialogic teacher pedagogies which prompted the authors to ask the following question: What led to these teacher-centered practices in digital environments?
Design/methodology/approach
Authoritative discourses in school policies and a missing connection between critical pedagogies and teachers’ technology practices are examined in light of teachers’ decisions to engage in monologic and/or dialogic teaching practices. The authors propose professional development and research that emphasize pedagogy that supports student voice as foundational to practices involving digital literacies.
Findings
Examination of the teachers’ decisions showed monologic practices void of student opportunities to critically engage in digital environments. Dominant discourses imposed through protectionist and digital citizenship policies of schools as well as lack of opportunity through professional development to connect critical pedagogy to technology impacted the teachers’ decisions.
Originality/value
Current research surrounding teachers’ digital literacies uses the TPACK framework to examine technology integration practices. Missing is a critical component that addresses and works to dismantle the dominant discourses and power structures in digital communities (Author, 2018). The authors build on research in critical digital literacies to argue for adding the critical missing “C” into the TPACK framework (C-TPACK) to move researchers and educators to consider pedagogies that examine ideologies at work in digital communities to provide opportunities for student voice.
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Joseph C.H. Chai and B. Karin Chai
The rate of urbanization and its implications in post‐Mao China have been underestimated in most recent studies on China’s urbanization as they have excluded the rising urban…
Abstract
The rate of urbanization and its implications in post‐Mao China have been underestimated in most recent studies on China’s urbanization as they have excluded the rising urban floating population. Making use of recently available floating population survey data assesses the significance of China’s urban floating population and its socio‐economic consequences and suggests remedial measures to control its flow. Finds that the floating population caused China to experience one of the highest urban population growths among the developing countries. The floating population has increased rural‐urban labour mobility and helped to eliminate the dualistic nature of Chinese society. But it has also caused oveer‐urbanization and environmental pollution and created certain social problems. To control the flow of the urban floating population, argues that the government should increasingly rely on indirect market‐based control mechanisms.
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Hummera Saleem, Malik Shahzad Shabbir, Bilal Khan, Shahab Aziz, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Bilal Ahmed Abbasi
This empirical analysis tries to examine determinants of private foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan using the bounds test approach. Main determinants of FDI among them…
Abstract
Purpose
This empirical analysis tries to examine determinants of private foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan using the bounds test approach. Main determinants of FDI among them are the size of the market (Q) macroeconomic stability (r), political stability (PRS), real exchange rate (REX) and institutional quality (INQ).
Design/methodology/approach
This study used annual time-series data set starting from 1980 to 2016. This study has used time-series data with ARDL and error-correction model (ECM) and examined main determinants of FDI for Pakistan. The study used the Granger causality test (modified WALD test) to identify the causality among the variables.
Findings
Moreover, empirical findings indicate the long-run relationship between GDP, trade openness and institutional quality toward FDI. However, political instability, inflation and real exchange rate harm FDI in Pakistan. Furthermore, results of Granger causality indicate that the bidirectional causality running from FDI and Q toward FDI is significant, providing evidence of FDI-led growth hypotheses in Pakistan. This study determines the correlation between FDI and Q (GDP growth) related to the “feedback hypothesis” in the short and long run. This study also concludes that the short-run causal connection among FDI, REX, PRS, r and Q follows the “feedback hypothesis.” This describes that FDI, REX, PRS, r and Q variables are jointly determined and affected together.
Originality/value
This study also explores the causal association between FDI and its significant determinants, by using methods of Granger causality test and the approach of Toda-Yamamoto-DoladoLutkephol (TYDL) to examine the causal relationship and its directions among these variables.
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Examines the compensation method used in state‐owned enterprises inthe People′s Republic of China. A questionnaire survey of 504 workers′attitudes towards compensation practices…
Abstract
Examines the compensation method used in state‐owned enterprises in the People′s Republic of China. A questionnaire survey of 504 workers′ attitudes towards compensation practices regarding wages, bonuses, pensions, unemployment compensation and other incentives was conducted. Research results revealed that there was strong agreement among respondents for the ranking of the different forms of compensation practices. The respondents preferred a performance‐based compensation system as opposed to an egalitarian system. These results give some insight into designing a compensation package and the direction for economic reforms in enterprises.
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Rosylin Mohd Yusof, Salina H. Kassim, M. Shabri A. Majid and Zarinah Hamid
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possibility of relying on the rental rate to price Islamic home financing product.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possibility of relying on the rental rate to price Islamic home financing product.
Design/methodology/approach
By comparing two models consisting of either rental rate or lending rate (LR) and selected macroeconomic variables that could influence property value, the study focuses on the Malaysian data covering the period from 1990 to 2006. The study adopts several econometric time‐series analysis, such as the autoregressive distributed lag estimates, bi‐variate Granger causality, and multivariate causality based on the vector error‐correction model.
Findings
The study finds consistent evidence that the rental price (RP) is a better alternative than the LR to price Islamic home financing product. In particular, the rental rate is found to be resilient to short‐term economic volatility, while in the long run, it is truly reflective of the economic fundamentals.
Practical implications
This feature of the RP renders it as a fair pricing mechanism for the Islamic home financing product. Results of this study contribute towards finding an alternative benchmark for the Islamic home financing product which is currently using the conventional interest rate as its benchmark.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first of its kind which provides empirical evidence for the possibility of relying on the rental rate to price Islamic home financing product.
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Dachen Sheng and Heather A. Montgomery
This paper aims to examine whether a green premium exists in the banking industry in Chinese financial market and then further explores the impact of the 2019 policy revision on…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to examine whether a green premium exists in the banking industry in Chinese financial market and then further explores the impact of the 2019 policy revision on the green premium. Additionally, this study explores whether and how the 2019 policy revision affected the performance as measured by net interest spreads and profitability of banks that subsequently issued green bonds.
Design/methodology/approach
This study utilizes data on green bonds issued by banks in the Chinese market to illustrate that green bond benefit from lower coupon rates by using OLS method, attributable to investors’ recognition of governmental support for such initiatives. The policy effect is analyzed by the difference-in-difference method and the robustness checks using an amalgamated data set and propensity score matching techniques confirm the overall findings.
Findings
Banks that issue green bonds pay lower coupon rates on those bonds and the 2019 policy revisions further decrease green bond coupons, thereby augmenting the net interest spreads of banks issuing green bonds and enhancing their profitability performance. A so-called “green premium” exists for banks in China that issue green bonds. These results underscore investors’ heightened confidence in banks showcasing loan policies supportive of the green industry, reflecting an increased emphasis on sustainability considerations.
Originality/value
Most of the current green bond and sustainability studies focus on the manufacturing sector; this paper sheds light on the under-discussed support from financial institutions. Unlike other traditional financial institutional research focusing on market power and bank-firm relations, this paper investigates the policy effects, which are especially interesting in the context of Chinese financial market, since most of the financial institutions are state-owned enterprises (SOEs).