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Postulates that advances made in marketing, particularly in the USA, have only served to highlight shortcomings in this discipline particularly the absence of central theories and related general principles. Discusses how markets have evolved as socio‐economic processes and means intended to satisfy people's and organisation's needs through trading or exchange transactions – though markets have existed for as long as history is recorded. Contrasts the evolution of market theory and the differences between people of varying areas and cultures and examines theses in depth as: primitive markets (pre‐Columbus period in the USA); traditional markets; merchant trader markets (1500 to 1776); and free competitive markets (late 1700s); mixed markets (middle 1800s). Illustrates, in tabular format, the influence of forces and conditions inhibiting market functions, thereby complementing cases used in earlier discussion. Summarizes that a step has been taken towards progressing a theory of modern markets – particularly regarding the north American area.

From an administrative perspective, Canada as a nation has been generally in a “state of drift.” With the exception of the anti‐inflation program, efforts made by the government during recent years have provided little in the way of specific direction. For example, The Way Ahead, a discussion paper on the future of Canada, fails to outline clearly “the economic and social directions the government intends to take after controls end” or to provide definitive “principles and strategies.” Passing references are made to national unity, balanced growth without inflation, individual freedom and opportunity, and the government's commitment to its fundamental social goals. Implicitly, these “goals” are for “a society in which all Canadians can develop their potential to the fullest degree possible, a society in which justice, compassion, tolerance and understanding lead to a strong and united Canada, a society based upon individual initiative and marked by personal freedom.”

In the last four years, since Volume I of this Bibliography first appeared, there has been an explosion of literature in all the main functional areas of business. This wealth of material poses problems for the researcher in management studies — and, of course, for the librarian: uncovering what has been written in any one area is not an easy task. This volume aims to help the librarian and the researcher overcome some of the immediate problems of identification of material. It is an annotated bibliography of management, drawing on the wide variety of literature produced by MCB University Press. Over the last four years, MCB University Press has produced an extensive range of books and serial publications covering most of the established and many of the developing areas of management. This volume, in conjunction with Volume I, provides a guide to all the material published so far.

Consumer boycotts may be understood as consumer behaviour, and the concept of consumer sovereignty is identified here as the implicit paradigm for the marketing desciple, this is then applied to illustrate and explain the workings of consumer boycotts which are seen to have two dimensions: degree and domain, information is shown to be important in determining the domain of consumer sovereignty and pressure groups may play an important role in providing this. Three case examples of boycotts support the argument.

Global marketing is based on cross‐cultural similarities instead of cross‐cultural differences. For a company encountering markets with similar cultural values it is easy to standardise the marketing program. Typically, however, most markets have different cultural values. The global marketer therefore has to decide how to coordinate its marketing program in the best way possible. This case study shows how a global retailer has coordinated its marketing program in an industry which has resisted the forces of globalisation more than most other industries.

This paper was written to put “on record” what, in retrospect, appear to the author to be the most significant aspects of his academic career, one that spans more than half a century.

The author begins by discussing his Wharton School experience (1957‐1964) and then traces how his activities and experiences at that time laid the groundwork for a number of career long themes (academic administration, pedagogy, and quasi‐governmental consulting) and academic interests (macromarketing, marketing history).

The author's Wharton School experiences and, more specifically, his contacts with Wroe Alderson and David D. Monieson did indeed shape his subsequent career.

This paper calls attention to certain events and research efforts that might otherwise be forgotten. It also serves as an example of one approach others might follow in preparing their own career retrospectives.

Reports on a study investigating the ways in which companies organise their sales forces and research. Outlines one particular area of interest — the potential use to be made of information provided by the representatives to sales managers. Discusses differences between selling and marketing and how companies have attempted to incorporate this fact into their thinking and organisational frameworks, and welcomes this approach. Investigates the salesman's role and how it has altered in the last 20 years. Gives an example of types of salesman and what companies look for in candidates for sales jobs, these include: maintaining good relations with established customers and encouraging source loyalty; cold calls by commando salesmen whose role is to search out and establish new accounts; and specialist salesmen to handle distinctive requirements of various classes of customers. States also that in UK companies' sales structures it is apparent that salesmen are usually deployed on a geographical territory basis. Examines a case example of a hypothetical firm in the softwood timber importing and distribution business, and discusses this in detail, using an analysis sheet for explanation. Concludes that although the case study relates only to a single firm in one industry there is good reason to suspect there are many firms in a similar position, some of who are particularly liable to experience the problems discussed.

While the consumer movement was popular in economically advanced countries between 1965 and 1975, developing countries were not yet ready for such issues. The consumers in these countries, due to their economic, social, and political environments, were not aware of their rights. Taiwan was a typical case. Three main reasons contributed to the ignorance of the Taiwanese consumers at the advent of the worldwide consumer movement. First, in its early years, Taiwan was basically an agricultural society. The primary industry and its commodities made product differentiation impossible. It was nature, and not human beings that decided the quality and/or quantity of the products produced for the market. Everyday products were simple and few, and the choice between products, easy. Secondly, it was not until the 1960's that Taiwan turned slowly from an import‐oriented economy to that of an export‐oriented economy. Raising tariffs and controlling the importation of products were necessary to protect local businesses from foreign competition. Thus, the rights of consumers were sacrificed. Lastly, the very nature of the Chinese (e.g., psychological profile), led them to endure the suffering of any mistreatment. They would avoid a direct confrontation on any dispute. Therefore, organized activities against businesses was not possible. All of these reasons made the consumer movement unheard of in Taiwan during the 1960s.

In this paper, the philosophy of John Rawls, known as “Justice as Fairness,” is discussed. This philosophy examines the responsibilities social actors hold toward their societal organizations. From an Islamic perspective, justice is pivotal in safeguarding collective interests, aligning with Rawls' conviction that just societies nurture happiness and foster well-being across various life aspects. To achieve customer welfare, our viewpoint underscores the importance of justice in reflecting on consumer well-being from both Rawls’ theory and Islamic perspectives.

We adopt a conceptual approach where secular views of Rawls’ “Theory of Justice” are merged with the Islamic view, resulting in novel insights regarding the hermeneutics involved in the notion of justice and the preservation of consumer well-being.

Our analysis reveals that John Rawls' “A Theory of Justice” aligns with the Islamic perspective in several respects yet diverges in others, notably in the concepts of pre-creation consciousness and divine guidance. These distinctions are emphasized in our paper.

Our paper presents a perspective on justice founded on the concepts of the “Original Position” and the “Veil of Ignorance.” The commentary explores consumer well-being by integrating Rawls' principles with an analysis that elucidates the role justice plays in enhancing societal welfare.

The purpose of this paper is to determine the level of food additives, caffeine and total sugars in locally manufactured beverages in Mauritius and ascertain their compliance with national and international norms.

In total, 48 beverages: 21 soft drinks, 14 ice teas, 5 fruit drinks, 5 nonalcoholic sparkling drinks and 3 tonic waters were analysed for the level of sweeteners (aspartame, acesulfame K and saccharin), preservatives (benzoic and sorbic acid), colours (tartrazine, sunset yellow, quinoline yellow, allura red, amaranth, ponceau 4R, carmoisine, erythrosine, brilliant blue, green S and patent blue), citric acid, caffeine and total sugars. High-performance liquid chromatography methods used to quantify the levels of total sugars, caffeine and additives were validated against parameters such as linearity, recovery, accuracy, precision and limit of quantification.

Out of 48 beverages, 13 contained at least one sweetener. The most frequently used sweeteners were acesulfame K and aspartame. Benzoic acid was present in 27 samples (42.32–168.03 mg/L). Sorbic acid was present in 14 beverages (13.01–180.38 mg/L). Citric acid (0.7–4 g/L) was present in all the 48 beverages, while caffeine was present in 20 samples in the range of 14.01–129.42 mg/L. Nine samples contained at least one artificial colour and the most frequently used colours were tartrazine, sunset yellow, brilliant blue and carmoisine. The average level of total sugars present in the beverages was 10 g/100 ml. The validation parameters obtained showed evidence for method suitability.

Beverages sold by individuals on the street, small restaurants and markets were not analysed.

This study provides an overview of the chemical composition of soft drinks and their compliance with Food Regulations. It also paves the way to investigate weaknesses, knowledge, attitudes and practices of local manufacturers, which leads to non-adherence to Regulations regarding food additives.