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This paper presents a systematic XML Schema design approach which conceptually captures semantics of the problem domain at conceptual level and represents such semantics in XML Schema at schema level. At the conceptual level, objects, their inter‐relationships and constraints are semantically powered by object‐oriented models. At the schema level, these conceptual semantics are comprehensively represented in textbased representation of XML Schema using various schema components and design styles, each of which offers different quality characteristics. Two primary design styles in use are nesting and linking. The nesting design styles are developed based on the choice of schema components and their definition/declaration scopes (global vs. local), whereas the linking design styles use referencing facilities provided by XML Schema and other XML technologies such as XLink and XPointer. With an in‐depth analysis of outstanding problems of existing approaches, the proposed design approach is motivated to help improve the quality and robustness of the XML documents in large‐scale XML‐based applications.

This paper presents a framework which combines data and text retrieval techniques to exercise and evaluate ontology based query expansions. We prepare by using linguistic techniques to identify query and document concepts, locating them in a ontologically defined semantic space. Expansions originate from the identified query concepts, with success determined by matching in the relevant document set. We identify three orthogonal dimensions that can affect query expansion success; relationship source, success measure technique, and query expansion technique. Expansion technique is further divided into six different categories: simple pruning, complex probability, voting, directional, semantic propagation, and multiple source concept. We describe each technique and show examples where they would be useful. The system architecture used facilitates plugging in of various expansion and evaluation routines, and flowing results from one method to the next. The system is useful for microanalysis of query expansion, discovering which components of ontological derived knowledge most influence query expansion success. In this work, we apply our framework to the medical domain.

Despite the increasing demand for an effective XML document repository, many are still reluctant to store XML documents in their natural tree form. One main reason is the inadequacy of XML query languages to update the tree‐form XML documents. Even though some of the languages have supported minimum update facilities, they do not concern on preserving the documents constraints. The results are updated documents with very low database integrity. In this paper, we propose a methodology to accommodate XML Update without violating the conceptual constraints of the documents. The method takes form as a set of functions that perform checking mechanisms before update operations. In this paper we discuss the conceptual constraints embedded in three different relationship structures: association, aggregation and inheritance relationship. We highlight four constraints related with association relationship (nuber of participants, referential integrity, cardinality, and adhesion), five constraints related with aggregation relationship (cardinality, adhesion, ordering, homogeneity and share‐ability) and two constraints related to inheritance relationship (disjoint and number of super‐class). In addition, a specific constraint, which is collection type of children, will also be discussed. The proposed method can be implemented in different ways, for example in this paper we use XQuery language. Since the XML update requires schema, in this paper we also propose the mapping of the these constraints in the conceptual level to the XML Schema. We use XML Schema for structure validation, even though the algorithm can be used by any schema languages.

Semi‐structured data are commonly represented by labeled flat db‐graphs. In this paper, we study an extension of db‐graph model for representing nested semi‐structured data. This extension allows one to have db‐graphs whose vertex labels are db‐graphs themselves. Bringing the data model closer to the natural presentation of data stored via Web documents is the main motivation behind nesting db‐graphs. The importance of nested db‐graphs is similar to the importance of nested tables in relational model. The main purpose of the paper is to provide a mechanism to query nested semi‐structured data and Web forms in a uniform way. Most of the languages proposed so far have been designed as extensions of SQL with, among others, the advantage to provide a user‐friendly syntax and commercial flavor. The major focus of the paper is on defining a graph query language in a multi‐sorted calculus like style.

In data engineering, view formalisms are used to provide flexibility to users and user applications by allowing them to extract and elaborate data from the stored data sources. Conversely, since the introduction of EXtensible Markup Language (XML), it is fast emerging as the dominant standard for storing, describing, and interchanging data among various web and heterogeneous data sources. In combination with XML Schema, XML provides rich facilities for defining and constraining user‐defined data semantics and properties, a feature that is unique to XML. In this context, it is interesting to investigate traditional database features, such as view models and view design techniques for XML. However, traditional view formalisms are strongly coupled to the data language and its syntax, thus it proves to be a difficult task to support views in the case of semi‐structured data models. Therefore, in this paper we propose a Layered View Model (LVM) for XML with conceptual and schemata extensions. Here our work is three‐fold; first we propose an approach to separate the implementation and conceptual aspects of the views that provides a clear separation of concerns, thus, allowing analysis and design of views to be separated from their implementation. Secondly, we define representations to express and construct these views at the conceptual level. Thirdly, we define a view transformation methodology for XML views in the LVM, which carries out automated transformation to a view schema and a view query expression in an appropriate query language. Also, to validate and apply the LVM concepts, methods and transformations developed, we propose a viewdriven application development framework with the flexibility to develop web and database applications for XML, at varying levels of abstraction.

XML Schema Definition (XSD) is in the logical level of XML model and is used in most web applications. At present, there is no standard format for the conceptual level of XML model. Therefore, we introduce an XML Tree Model as an XML conceptual schema for representing and confirming the data semantics according to the user requirements in a diagram. The XML Tree Model consists of nodes representing all elements within the XSD. We apply reverse engineering from an XSD to an XML Tree Model to assist end users in applying an XML database for information highway on the Internet. The data semantics recovered for visualization include root element, weak elements, participation, cardinality, aggregation, generalization, categorization, and n‐ary association, and which can be derived by analyzing the structural constraints of XSD based on its key features such as key, keyref, minOccurs, maxOccurs, Choice, Sequence and extension. We use the Eclipse user interface for generating a graphical view for XML conceptual schema.

This study aims to propose and evaluate a searching scheme for a bichromatic reverse k-nearest neighbor (BRkNN) that has objects and queries in spatial networks. In this proposed scheme, the author’s search for the BRkNN of the query using an influence zone for each object with a network Voronoi diagram (NVD).

The author’s analyze and evaluate the performance of the proposed searching scheme.

The contribution of this paper is that it confirmed that the proposed searching scheme gives shorter processing time than the conventional linear search.

A future direction of this study will involve making a searching scheme that reduces the processing time when objects move automatically on spatial networks.

In BRkNN, consider two groups in a convenience store, where several convenience stores, which are constructed in Groups A and B, operate in a given region. The author’s can use RNN is RkNN when k = 1 (RNN) effectively to set a new store considering the Euclidean and road distances among stores and the location relationship between Groups A and B.

In the proposed searching scheme, the author’s search for the BRkNN of the query for each object with an NVD using the influence zone, which is the region where an object in the spatial network recognizes the nearest neighbor for the query.

Extensible Markup Language (XML)‐based data integration systems (DIS) aim to support global updates. Data consistency among data sources is not yet enforced at the integration level or enforced in an ad hoc manner which leads to redundant checking of consistency or unrepairable mistakes. This paper aims to provide XQuery trigger service to enforce data integrity and data consistency in the DIS at the integration level.

Data consistency is enforced among data sources through providing XQuery trigger service for the XML‐DIS. An XQuery trigger model is defined and shown how to use this model to define different integrity constraints and triggers at the integration level. The paper proposes the architecture of the XQuery trigger service and shows how to enforce data consistency in the DIS. Important components including event detection, condition evaluation and action firing are discussed. Necessary algorithms including how to produce ChangeRecord, how to find activated triggers, how to process LET and FOR clauses and how to create data objects from XML fragment are proposed. Trigger termination and failure handling are also discussed.

XQuery trigger can express miscellaneous data integrity constraints and triggers in the DIS and is highly abstract, refined and easy to understand. XQuery trigger service provides an easy‐to‐maintain method of the data consistency rules and a uniform, nonredundant and centralized enforcement of data consistency.

An XQuery trigger model with namespace annotations, which can define constraints and triggers among different data sources. An XQuery trigger service architecture for the XML‐DIS, which can enforce data consistency at the integration level. For DIS administrators, who want to enforce data consistency when permitting updates at the integration level.

The purpose of this (qualitative, multiple-case) study is to determine how small-to medium-sized enterprise (SME) leaders in Nigeria use information and communication technology (ICT) adoption as a business strategy to increase profitability and compete globally.

The participants for this study consisted of executive-level SME leaders who had the authority to approve ICT implementation within their respective organizations. Individual interviews were undertaken with participants to gain an understanding of their experience of determining the merits of and implementing ICT. The technology acceptance model, which specifies the relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward computer use and intention to use technology, was applied as a framework to explain the Nigerian SME’s ICT adoption strategies.

Four major themes emerged from the data analysis: ICT adoption factors, ICT roles and benefits, role of government and SME success factors. The findings of this study may help SME leaders and government leaders address many of the factors inhibiting the adoption of ICT in SMEs in Nigeria.

This study may ensure that SMEs are successful and able to create jobs, which in turn may help to promote socioeconomic development through adoption of ICT.

The findings from this study contribute to the knowledge base regarding factors that affect ICT adoption by SME leaders as a business strategy to increase profitability and compete globally, particularly within SMEs in Lagos, Nigeria. It further addressed the gap in existing literature regarding other factors such as the influence of culture on ICT adoption, cost of ICT implementation, available ICT skills, infrastructure and ICT knowledge gap as the primary impeding factors of ICT adoption in Nigerian SMEs.

The objective is to ascertain and amalgamate the extant data about farmers' plans for climate change adaptation and mitigation. The chapter provides comprehensive insights to help farmers and policymakers make informed and relevant decisions.

We conducted five-step scoping review procedure with key databases: Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, Springer Link and PLOS ONE. The keywords including climate change AND Agriculture AND production AND rice AND farmer AND farming AND mitigation AND adaptation AND resilience AND Indonesia focusing on publications from 2013 to 2023. We employed PRISMA-Scr protocol and data were thematically extracted using NVivo 12 Plus tool.

The search yielded 878 records, of which 116 were screened in full text, and 37 were included in the review. Key findings indicate that adaptation strategies and management planning involving social capital and social networks are essential for anticipating and responding to climate change-induced disasters. The collaboration between farmers, farmer groups, government and NGOs is pivotal for climate change mitigation.

The research implications highlight the need for targeted policy interventions and capacity-building initiatives to enhance farmers' knowledge and skills in climate change adaptation, fostering collaboration among various stakeholders.

The originality and value of the paper lie in the comprehensive review of the adaptive measures and strategies employed by farmers in Indonesia to mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture. This contribution is significant as it not only addresses local challenges but also connects them to broader global discussions on food security and climate adaptation.