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The act of reporting illegal and unethical practices in the workplace has become an increasingly important issue for researchers and organizational management over the past several decades. This study tested a model of whistleblowing in which perceived organizational retaliation and upward communication satisfaction were hypothesized to act as predictors of types of whistleblowing intentions using a representative sample of employees working in Kirklareli, Turkey (n = 1,012). Structural equation modeling indicated that perceptions of upward communication satisfaction were positively associated to blowing the whistle to internal channels like immediate supervisor and upper management and negatively related to staying silent and external whistleblowing. In addition, perceived threat of retaliation from an organization was negatively related to blowing the whistle to internal channels and positively related to staying silent and external whistleblowing. The present study has contributed to our understanding of whistleblowing in a relatively new national context by clarifying its associations with perceived organizational retaliation and communication with management.

I first met punched feature cards in 1956. I was working as an assistant to E. G. Brisch, whose company classified the materials and components used in industry. His method brought similar articles together, both notionally in classified codebooks and practically when the classified items were stored in their code number order. The result was an excellent aid to variety reduction, standardization, and stock control. E. G. gave me a good grounding in analytical classification; but his office held other secrets too. One of these was a sort of punched card representing a property or quality, not an object or event as with all other punched cards I had met. On these other cards, notched or slotted for hand‐sorting with needles, or punched and verified in thousands for reading by machine, the holes stood for characteristics possessed by the item concerned. The new cards were different. Since they represented properties, the items possessing these had to be shown by the holes, and so they were. E. G. named them ‘Brisch‐a‐boo’: this I found was his special variant of ‘peek‐a‐boo’, a title by which they are still occasionally known. To stack some of them in exact register with each other is to find, as a set of through holes in numbered positions, the reference numbers of all the items recorded on them which have the qualities concerned.

The effect of bending is investigated through the comparison of the membrane analysis and the shell analysis for stretching and deep drawing. An incremental formulation incorporating the effect of shape change and anisotropy is used for the analysis of elastic‐plastic non‐steady large deformation. The deformation during a step is considered using the natural convected coordinate system. Stretching of a square blank with a hemispherical punch and deep drawing of a cyclindrical cup is analysed and the corresponding experiments are carried out. The computational results are compared with the experiments. In stretching, the comparison has shown that both the membrane analysis and the shell analysis are in good agreement with the experiment for punch load and strain distribution. In deep drawing, the computed loads of both the membrane analysis and the shell analysis are generally in good agreement with the experiment. The computed thickness strain of the membrane analysis, however, shows a wide difference with the experiment. In the shell analysis, the thickness strain shows good agreement with the experiment. It has been shown that the membrane approach shows a limitation for the deep drawing process in which the effect of bending is not negligible and more exact informations on the thickness strain distribution are required.

The automotive industry is very interested in sheet metal forming simulation using numerical techniques such as the finite element method. A cooperative research program between the Stamping Division of FIAT Auto and the Mechanics Department of the Politecnico di Torino was established with the aim of exploring the present possibilities of these techniques. This paper deals with the simulation of the deep forming of an axisymmetrical component, the axisymmetry being characterized by a double curvature profile, and is considered to be the first feasibility study. A sheet was modelled by fournode axisymmetric elements; the punch, the die and the blankholder were modelled by gap elements. The metal sheet was free to move along the punch and the die edges, with a continuous variation of the boundary conditions. The highly non‐linear problem requires an adequate description through the carefully considered use of the appropriate options of the MARC package (release K2). Moreover, some subroutines were written ad hoc to complete the discretization. Results are presented as strain and stress histories during the stamping process and as total forming force exerted by the punch to deform the sheet. In addition the spring‐back phase was considered in order to calculate the back deformation and the residual stress. Lastly, a comparison of the behaviour obtained with two different kinds of steel are reported.

The search for an easily installed, practicable and inexpensive information retrieval system continues unabated. This is reflected in the Aslib Library almost daily by requests for advice on the feasibility of installing this or that system, or for information on what systems are available in Great Britain. Study of the following bibliography, which covers only a narrow selection of information retrieval systems, will reveal that much original thought has been producing concrete results in this country. In fact, one of the earliest references is to a paper given at the twenty‐second Aslib Conference in 1947 by W. E. Batten, in which he describes his development of an ‘aspect’ card system—more often referred to today as ‘Peek‐a‐boo’ or ‘feature’ cards. Mr C. W. Cleverdon's Cranfield project is also adding considerable knowledge on the use of various indexing methods, including Uniterm.

The main goal is to investigate the effect of size and location of opening and column size on the punching shear strength. Openings are often needed in order to install mechanical and electrical services. This process takes away part of the concrete volume which is responsible for resisting the shear forces and any unbalanced moment. Furthermore, the application of rectangular columns in flat slabs is commonly used in practice as they provide lateral stiffness to the building. They are also utilised in garages and multi-storey buildings where these elongated cross-sectional columns reduce the effective span length between adjacent columns.

This research is a numerical-based investigation that is calibrated based on a thirteen previously tested and numerically calibrated slab specimens with no openings. A parametric study is conducted in this study to consider the effect of other parameters, which are the size and location of opening and the rectangularity ratio of column in order to evaluate their effect on the punching shear capacity. A total of 156 models are developed to study these factors. Additionally, the predicted shear carrying capacity of the simulated slabs is calculated using the ACI318–19 and Eurocode (EC2-04) equation.

The presence of openings reduced the punching shear capacity. The small opening's location and orientation have almost no effect except for one slab. For slabs of large openings, the presence of openings reduced the punching capacity. The punching capacity is higher when the openings are farther from the column. The numerically obtained results of slabs with rectangular columns show lower punching capacity compared to slabs of squared columns with the same length of the punching shear control perimeter. The punching capacity for all slabs is predicted by ACI318–19 and Eurocode (EC2-04) and it is found that Eurocode (EC2-04) provided a closer estimation.

The slabs considered for calibration were reinforced with four different punching shear reinforcement configurations, namely; ordinary closed rectangular stirrups, rectangular spiral stirrups, advanced rectangular spiral stirrups and circular spiral. Generally, there has been limited research on concrete flat slabs with openings in comparison with other subjects related to structural engineering (Guan, 2009) and no research on punching shear with openings of slabs reinforced with these reinforcement schemes. The available research focussed on the effects of openings on the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs includes Casadei et al. (2003), Banu et al. (2012) and Elsayed et al. (2009). In addition, experimental tests that examined slabs supported on rectangular columns are very limited.

THERE are three principal points which are of special importance in the manufacture of any industrial article:

This paper gives a review of the finite element techniques (FE) applied in the area of material processing. The latest trends in metal forming, non‐metal forming, powder metallurgy and composite material processing are briefly discussed. The range of applications of finite elements on these subjects is extremely wide and cannot be presented in a single paper; therefore the aim of the paper is to give FE researchers/users only an encyclopaedic view of the different possibilities that exist today in the various fields mentioned above. An appendix included at the end of the paper presents a bibliography on finite element applications in material processing for 1994‐1996, where 1,370 references are listed. This bibliography is an updating of the paper written by Brannberg and Mackerle which has been published in Engineering Computations, Vol. 11 No. 5, 1994, pp. 413‐55.

This paper presents a review concerning the analytical and inverse methods of small punch creep test (SPCT) in order to evaluate the mechanical property of component material at elevated temperature.

In this work, the effects of temperature, specimen size and shape on material properties are mainly discussed using the finite element (FE) method. The analytical approaches including membrane stretching, empirical or semi-empirical solutions that are currently used for data interpretation have been presented.

The state-of-the-art research progress on the inverse method, such as non-linear optimization program and neutral network, is critically reviewed. The capabilities of the inverse technique, the uniqueness of the solution and future development are discussed.

The state-of-the-art research progress on the inverse method such as non-linear optimization program and neutral network is critically reviewed. The capabilities of the inverse technique, the uniqueness of the solution and future development are discussed.

Punching can trigger catastrophic failures in flat slabs because of its sudden nature resulting from exceeding the shear capacity of slabs. Effect of using recycled aggregate, as an environmental-friendly alternative to traditional RC structures, on punching behavior of these slabs was not sufficiently investigated in the literature. Hence, this paper aims to experimentally study the effect of using recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on the punching shear capacity (PSC) of RC flat slabs. The RCA is produced by crushing of waste of concrete standard cubes obtained from compression tests.

A total of 12 slab-column connection specimens with different slab thicknesses (140, 160 and 200 mm) and different RCA percentages (0%, 30% and 70%) were prepared and tested under a central point load, to test its effect on the behavior of flat slabs. The punching failure loads of the tested specimens were compared with those obtained according to the provisions of different international building codes.

Compared with natural aggregate concrete, mixes with 30% and 70% RCA experienced reductions in the compressive that did not exceed 4% and 21%, while reductions of 4% and 13% were observed for the tensile strength, respectively. The increase in the amount of RCA reduced the PSC by 0%–7%, 0%–4% and 4%–10% for slabs with a thickness of 140, 160 and 200 mm, respectively. For slabs with punching shear reinforcement (PSR), ACI 318 provided the closest estimation for the PSC by 9%, whereas EURO 2 overestimated the PSC by 25% and ECP 203 underestimated the PSC by 41%.

The provided conclusions are obtained from the conducted experimental work where a constant W/C ratio, aggregate type and a maximum aggregate size of 19 mm for the RCA were adopted.

Enhancement in the behavior of flat slabs with various thicknesses and amounts of RCA because of introducing PSR is experimentally evaluated. The failure loads of the tested slabs with recycled and normal coarse aggregates were compared against different code provisions.