Atte Oksanen, James Hawdon, Emma Holkeri, Matti Näsi and Pekka Räsänen
The prevalence of online hate material is a public concern, but few studies have analyzed the extent to which young people are exposed to such material. This study investigated…
Abstract
Purpose
The prevalence of online hate material is a public concern, but few studies have analyzed the extent to which young people are exposed to such material. This study investigated the extent of exposure to and victimization by online hate material among young social media users.
Design/methodology/approach
The study analyzed data collected from a sample of Finnish Facebook users (n = 723) between the ages of 15 and 18. Analytic strategies were based on descriptive statistics and logistic regression models.
Findings
A majority (67%) of respondents had been exposed to hate material online, with 21% having also fallen victim to such material. The online hate material primarily focused on sexual orientation, physical appearance, and ethnicity and was most widespread on Facebook and YouTube. Exposure to hate material was associated with high online activity, poor attachment to family, and physical offline victimization. Victims of the hate material engaged in high levels of online activity. Their attachment to family was weaker, and they were more likely to be unhappy. Online victimization was also associated with the physical offline victimization.
Social implications
While the online world has opened up countless opportunities to expand our experiences and social networks, it has also created new risks and threats. Psychosocial problems that young people confront offline overlap with their negative online experiences. When considering the risks of Internet usage, attention should be paid to the problems young people may encounter offline.
Originality
This study expands our knowledge about exposure to online hate material among users of the most popular social networking sites. It is the first study to take an in-depth look at the hate materials young people encounter online in terms of the sites where the material was located, how users found the site, the target of the hate material, and how disturbing users considered the material to be.
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Ryan Scrivens, Tiana Gaudette, Garth Davies and Richard Frank
Purpose – This chapter examines how sentiment analysis and web-crawling technology can be used to conduct large-scale data analyses of extremist content online.Methods/approach �…
Abstract
Purpose – This chapter examines how sentiment analysis and web-crawling technology can be used to conduct large-scale data analyses of extremist content online.
Methods/approach – The authors describe a customized web-crawler that was developed for the purpose of collecting, classifying, and interpreting extremist content online and on a large scale, followed by an overview of a relatively novel machine learning tool, sentiment analysis, which has sparked the interest of some researchers in the field of terrorism and extremism studies. The authors conclude with a discussion of what they believe is the future applicability of sentiment analysis within the online political violence research domain.
Findings – In order to gain a broader understanding of online extremism, or to improve the means by which researchers and practitioners “search for a needle in a haystack,” the authors recommend that social scientists continue to collaborate with computer scientists, combining sentiment analysis software with other classification tools and research methods, as well as validate sentiment analysis programs and adapt sentiment analysis software to new and evolving radical online spaces.
Originality/value – This chapter provides researchers and practitioners who are faced with new challenges in detecting extremist content online with insights regarding the applicability of a specific set of machine learning techniques and research methods to conduct large-scale data analyses in the field of terrorism and extremism studies.
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M.H. Adjali, M. Davies and J. Littler
Presents the results of a numerical simulation of measured heat transfer through a region surrounding a buried structure. The model applied in the study is a widely used whole…
Abstract
Presents the results of a numerical simulation of measured heat transfer through a region surrounding a buried structure. The model applied in the study is a widely used whole building thermal simulation program of a type which predicts the thermal response of structures for building services requirements. A multi‐dimensional numerical conductive heat transfer module has been added to this program but this does not specifically address earth‐contact heat flows. This work attempts to assess the accuracy of the overall package when predicting earth‐coupled heat transfer. It is common practice in the field of building services not to use specific earth‐contact models and so it is important to assess the likely errors thus involved. The predictions of the finite‐volume model are compared with one year of data from a basement test facility. The results are analysed using the Differential Sensitivity Analysis method and an attempt is made to correlate predictive errors with periods of rainfall and snow coverage. It seems that a purely conductive model may be capable, given accurate input data, of satisfactorily predicting the transient temperature variations in the soil/concrete envelope surrounding this structure for the period of the year when no snow coverage is present. However, if one is to accurately model regions of earth‐contact (particularly at shallow depths) in a climate in which rainfall and snow are significant then these influences should be explicitly modelled.
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This introductory chapter provides the context for this edited collection: Care and Coronavirus: Perspectives on Children, Youth and Families which aims to understand care in the…
Abstract
This introductory chapter provides the context for this edited collection: Care and Coronavirus: Perspectives on Children, Youth and Families which aims to understand care in the context of COVID-19, the practices, experiences and potential futures of it for children, young people and families. In this chapter, the authors begin by exploring COVID-19 and its implications for children, young people and families. This includes a consideration of how particular discourses of childhood and youth often led to the marginalisation of children in care policy and practice during the lockdown periods. The authors then discuss interdisciplinary literature on care to identify directions in policy, practice and research, drawing attention to the political nature of care and the need for scholars of childhood, youth and family to engage with these critical and political approaches to care. The authors argue that developments in the field of Childhood Studies can be brought into productive dialogue with care to forge new ways of thinking through care and childhood. The final part of the chapter provides an overview of the ensuing chapters and concludes with the implications of this work for future research, policy and practice. The authors argue that COVID-19 heightened the attention paid to care and the ways in which care is vital for the maintenance of ourselves and the world around us, while also cautioning about the inequalities and the commodification of care that was revealed in these times. The authors end with a call for reflection on the failures and successes of caring during the pandemic and in its aftermath so we might plan a more caring, hopeful future.
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May 9, 1967 Building — Safety regulations — “Process” — Cutting glazed earthenware drainpipe with hammer and chisel — Whether “cutting … stone, concrete, slag or similar materials…
Abstract
May 9, 1967 Building — Safety regulations — “Process” — Cutting glazed earthenware drainpipe with hammer and chisel — Whether “cutting … stone, concrete, slag or similar materials by means of a hand tool (other than a trowel)” — Whether “process” — Protection of eyes of person engaged in process — Goggles not provided — Eye injury caused by particle of metal from tool — Whether necessity to provide protection against particle flying from tool — Whether damages awardable to cover contingency of possible eye deterioration — Construction (General Provisions) Regulations, 1961 (S. I. 1961 No. 1580), reg.52, Sched. (2)
L.J. Davies, L.J. Winn and Frederic Sellers
April 8, 1970 Building — Construction regulations — Applicability — Goggles to be provided where any specified process carried on — “Breaking, cutting,…of stone, concrete, slag or…
Abstract
April 8, 1970 Building — Construction regulations — Applicability — Goggles to be provided where any specified process carried on — “Breaking, cutting,…of stone, concrete, slag or similar materials” — Whether bricks “similar materials” — Plaintiff demolishing brickwork with hammer and chisel — Injury to eye caused by falling dust — Whether engaged on “process” within the regulation — Failure of employer to provide goggles — Whether in breach of regulation — Whether negligent — Regulation requiring employer to provide protection from falling material — Whether applicable — Construction (General Provisions) Regulations, 1961 (S.I. 1961 No. 1580), regs. 46(1), 52, Sch.(2).