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Le tourisme peut revêtir des formes très diverses et on peut le subdiviser en de multiples catégories en prenant comme critère le motif du voyage, la durée du séjour, la provenance du voyageur, etc. Estil utile pour l'analyse du tourisme de faire des subdivisions en partant du mode de transport utilisé par le voyageur et de parler de tourisme ferroviaire, aérien, maritime ou routier? On peut répondre affirmativement à cette question pour autant que le moyen de transport employé ait une influence considérable sur l'extension du tourisme ou sur la manière de voyager ou d'organiser son séjour.

La Revue de Tourisme a déjà consacré tout un numéro à ce sujet (n° 3/1950). Si nous y revenons, c'est surtout pour les motifs suivants: D'abord, le sujet en soi est à peu près inépuisable. Ensuite, il s'agit d'en donner maintenant une vue d'ensemble et d'en examiner d'autres aspects. Enfin, l'occasion nous en est directement fournie par la publication récente de l'ouvrage cité ci‐après de M. J. G. Ramaker (Tourisme et transports) et par l'exposé que, sous le même titre, l'auteur de ces lignes a fait le 11 février 1955 dans un cours d'instruction organisé par la Swissair à Zurich pour son personnel, avec le concours de l'Ecole suisse des hautes études économiques et administratives de Saint‐Gall.

Tutti i Paesi che svolgono una politica del turismo tendente ad aumentare l'afflusso dei viaggiatori stranieri sul proprio territorio fanno perno e leva su quelle attrattive naturali, ambientali, culturali, nelle quali sanno di eccellere. E mentre da una parte intensificano gli sforzi diretti ad accrescere e valorizzare questi elementi di maggiore interesse per i turisti provenienti dall'estero, dall'altra sviluppano una complessa attività propagandistica rivolta a divulgare nel mondo la conoscenza di tali fattori di preminenza turistica.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the new procurement practices of information and communication technology (ICT) services in Finnish-speaking schools in the City of Kauniainen. In the new model, schools define their needs and school administration mandates the procurement through tendering. The research included a review of the problems associated with procurement practices and the assessment of the procurement model. The results show that service levels have been improved and unit costs as well as the environmental load have been reduced. The new model requires the schools to have the skills and expertise to define their needs and the competencies to prepare and execute the procurement process. The case analysis of the Finnish “Dream School” in Kauniainen shows that administrative and governance aspects are equally important in successful deployment of technology.

A lesson has been learned from the pandemic experience that less damages to the environment and realizing more social responsibilities would be the direction of the post-pandemic period globally. The purpose of this study is to focus on identifying the appropriate determinants of the proposed urban travel behavior model to develop Smart Mobility in Smart Cities to protect the environment. Potential to realize Smart Cities with infrastructure development has been explored in this study if road users are keen to combat climatic change which is clear from the challenges of flattening the infection rate through the enforcement of rules and regulations by the various government.

The proposed urban travel behavior model includes sub-drivers for each of the main drivers in the theory of interpersonal behavior (TIB). These sub-drivers emphasize in forming intentions to perform the behavioral changes while driving on urban roads during COVID-19 and post-pandemic periods. A primary online survey was conducted among road commuters in the most crowded place in Malaysia, the Greater Kuala Lumpur. A total of 383 respondents who frequently drive on road during the past one year were surveyed for this study. This data analysis of this quantitative study applied a partial least squares-structural equation modeling approach to determine the significant findings and results.

The significant findings of the study reveal that environmental consciousness and timely deviation in driving during traffic congestion are positively and significantly influencing the travel behavior performance (TBP) of commuters on urban roads. On the other hand, wet conditions due to weather, narrow road infrastructure and habits of road commuters are negatively influencing TBP. Social responsibility is positively and significantly influencing TBP through the mediating effect of the intention of road commuters’ behavior.

The current environmental concerns and societal adherence efforts in breaking the chain of the infectious COVID-19 among people can be manifested to develop Smart Cities with less air and noise pollution in the future. In this context, the present study proposes an urban travel behavior model and tests for its suitability of a greener and cleaner environment for the benefit of future generations. The limitation of the present study is that travel hazards are not included in the framework, as it is a topic of its own volume.

It is timely to implement Smart Mobility on road business models for Smart Cities as the consequences of the pandemic make us to realize the importance of environmental concerns and the social responsibilities of everyone. TIB considers four drivers, namely, attitude, subjective norm, affect and habit which induce intention to perform behavioral decisions. The novelty of the present study is the development of sub-drivers for these four drivers in the context of the urban travel behavior model.

Contemporary public service innovations to an important degree are initiated and enabled by digitalization. Digitalization stimulates entry of new firms (start-ups) based on innovative implementation of digital technology for public services. The interwoven digitalization and innovation processes involve interaction and interdependencies between private business actors and public service providing actors. In this paper, the authors take the perspective of a start-up business actor that tries to develop and implement a viable business model in the very dynamic context of digital transformation of public education. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the instability of a startup firm’s business model during public service innovation can be explained. The research question is: “How can business modeling by a start-up firm be explained by tensions between its business model and public service provision models?”

Based on an abductive logic, the authors choose a single-case study of a start-up firm’s development in 2010-2018 and its interaction with public actors. Information about the firm acquired in the first phase of the study showed that it frequently changed its business model. A general analytical framework was developed to aid in efforts to answer the research question.

The case showed that a business model could be seen as a temporary outcome of a business modeling process, and that also concurrently public actors change their public actors’ service provisioning models. Public-private interaction reveals tensions that drive business modeling.

The study contributes to empirical knowledge about private-public interaction in the dynamic and complex context in which digital transformation in society drives public service innovations. The conceptual contribution rests more generally in the analytical framework and how it frames public actor’s “service provision modeling” as a driver of business modeling.