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The part of the stator leakage inductance whose quantity changes with the coil pitch is the slot leakage inductance. The purpose of this paper is to determine an analytical expression which accounts for various slot shapes and the coil pitch change. This approach contrasts with the standard one, in which the same characteristics are inaccurately assumed for each slot shape. A further advantage of the proposed analytical expression is that it can also be used to model the slot leakage inductance for different phase numbers.

From the calculated coefficients of a slot by the Finite Element Method (FEM), the characteristics of the slot leakage coefficients are determined by an analytical expression. This helps one to study the connection between the slot shape types and the characteristics of slot leakage coefficients for different phase numbers.

The coefficients, which describe the change of slot leakage, are not the same for every slot type. These inaccuracies can result in deviation from the presented values in the classical literature.

By use of parameters, gained from the FEM calculation of a slot, the characteristics of the slot leakage coefficient can be determined as the function of winding pitch for different phase numbers by an analytical expression. Good accuracy of the analytical method is verified by the determination of the characteristics from the measurement of the two‐, three‐ and six‐phase windings and by the finite element calculations. Beside the speed of the process, it gives an overview about the connection between the slot shape and the coefficients.

The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual framework in order to analyse and understand the twin developments of successful microeconomic reform on the one hand and failed macroeconomic stabilisation attempts on the other hand in Hungary. The case study also attempts to explore the reasons why Hungarian policymakers were willing to initiate reforms in the micro sphere, but were reluctant to initiate major changes in public finances both before and after the regime change of 1989/1990.

The paper applies a path‐dependent approach by carefully analysing Hungary's Communist and post‐Communist economic development. The study restricts itself to a positive analysis but normative statements can also be drawn accordingly.

The study demonstrates that the recent deteriorating economic performance of Hungary is not a recent phenomenon. By providing a path‐dependent explanation, it argues that both Communist and post‐Communist governments used the general budget as a buffer to compensate the losers of economic reforms, especially microeconomic restructuring. The gradualist success of the country – which dates back to at least 1968 – in the field of liberalisation, marketisation and privatisation was accompanied by a constant overspending in the general government.

Hungary has been one of the worst‐hit countries of the 2008/2009 financial crisis, not just in Central and Eastern Europe but in the whole world. The capacity and opportunity for strengthening international investors' confidence is, however, not without doubts. The current deterioration is deeply rooted in failed past macroeconomic management. The dissolution of fiscal laxity and state paternalism in a broader context requires, therefore, an all‐encompassing reform of the general government, which may trigger serious challenges to the political regime as well.

The study aims to show that a relatively high ratio of redistribution, a high and persistent public deficit and an accelerated indebtedness are not recent phenomena in Hungary. In fact, these trends characterised the country well before the transformation of 1989/1990, and have continued in the post‐socialist years, too. To explain such a phenomenon, the study argues that in the last couple of decades the hardening of the budget constraint of firms have come at the cost of maintaining the soft budget constraint of the state.

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 shook the Soviet Union to the core and provided the West with the iconic image of the freedom fighter willing to risk all for the cause of freedom. The pathos of the lost cause provided Hungarians with a new set of heroes akin to those of the failed 1848 Revolution, the best known being Prime Minister Imre Nagy who was executed for siding with the revolutionaries in their bid to establish a sovereign republic. His belated funeral on June 16, 1989 undermined the moral and political authority of the communist regime that had attempted to consign Nagy and his confederates to oblivion and seemed to mimic Emile Durkheim's analysis of piaculum and the conscience collective. But the spectacle of Nagy's funeral only temporarily shrouded significant differences between and within those factions demanding pluralist society, most recently revealed in the acrimonious celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Hungarian Revolution. These debates are rooted in Hungary's deeply troubled past that strongly questioned republican values in contrast to the authoritarian values of the Hapsburg monarchy, alliance with the Axis, genocide, and its relationship to communism in the wake of the disaster of World War II. Jacques Derrida tells us that it is not easy to exorcise our ghosts; instead, we are prompted to reconstruction. Memory studies, stimulated by studies of the Holocaust, transformed the sociological imagination (especially Friedlander, 1993; LaCapra, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1998d). There has been what Michael Roth referred to as “a turning of oneself so as to be in relation to the past” as an act of witness. The traumatic memory of the 1956 Revolution provides yet another case in which a traumatic past is still salient to the political actors in the contemporary arena. This chapter immerses itself in the emergence of historical sociology and with it “memory studies,” that is: (1) the relationship between identity, memory, and embodiment; and (2) the relationship between historical circumstance and collective memory formation (described in diverse approaches such as Adorno, 1959; 1997; Nora, 1989; Postone, Martha, & Kobyashi 2009). In particular, there is in historical sociology an emergent interest in (1) commemorative practices, memorializing addresses, memento; and (2) the struggles over memory, remembering, and forgetting.