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The main objective of this paper is to assess how the degree of regulation that a company has to comply with affects its profitability. There is great variation within the internet value chain in the profitability of different players. The paper aims to analyse a large sample of companies that are leaders in different internet‐based businesses (network operators, search engines and other ASP, software, electronic retailing, content delivery networks, device manufacturers …). The paper's hypothesis is that regulation plays an important role in the profitability of a company and therefore also in how the market values them.

The methodology used to check the authors' hypothesis includes the following steps: identify leaders in the internet space; identify their core asset and group them according to it; calculate their profitability across a series of dimensions, with focus on return on fixed assets (ROFA); assess the degree of regulation of each group; and assess the statistical relationship between regulation and profitability and look for significant results.

The paper analyses the degree of regulation of the core asset of these companies and finds that is statistically related to their profitability. Companies with core assets free from regulation yield much higher profits on their investments than those with core assets curtailed by regulation.

This finding can cast light on some policy proposals under debate (net neutrality, access regulation, privacy …), especially how they can increase or decrease the current imbalance in the relative profitability of companies and the internet balance of payments and power between the European Union and the USA.

The Recovery Self-Assessment (RSA–R) in Revised Version is an instrument designed to assess the degree to which mental health programs and services implement recovery-oriented practices. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a cross-cultural adaptation of the RSA–R instrument for use in local mental health services in the city of Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil.

This method for cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument included a series of iterative steps including preparation, translation, back translation, harmonization, expert evaluation, focus groups, in-depth interviews, expert opinion and pilot study.

A multi-rater assessment of the equivalence of content between the original RSA–R and the translated version revealed that each of the 32 items achieved at least 88% agreement in terms of equivalency. A multi-step harmonization process revealed additional suggestions for improvements in readability, comprehension and applicability to Brazilian context. An expert in youth and adult education provided additional stylistic recommendations. Combined, this iterative approach to cross-cultural translation resulted in an adapted version of the instrument that was well understood, culturally appropriate and adequate for further verification of psychometric properties.

The recovery process in Brazil and in the USA has culturally determined differences in terms of the way mental disorders are understood, diagnosed and treated. Moreover, there are different notions of what constitutes desirable results of recovery, health care and welfare. At the present time, there are few, if any, available cross-cultural instruments to assess the recovery-orientation of services between Brazil and the USA.

This paper aims to conduct a bibliometric study on e-government research, with special concern over finding bases on which electronic government studies are constructed.

This paper is a bibliometric study using citation, co-citation and bibliometric coupling analysis, applied to 161 selected articles published in 37 top journals in public administration.

The paper presents existing knowledge on e-government research and provides a categorization in terms of research subfields. The 40 top-cited works were classified into three subfields of intellectual influence: models and evolution; implementation factors; and adoption constraints. In total, 63 works were classified into three subfields of mainstream research: adoption (contextual and technological factors); evolution status and implementation; and social capital. The paper presents gaps in research streams.

Because of the chosen research approach, this study has limitations that are inherent to bibliometric studies, such as the selection of journals and keywords. This work helps e-government students and researchers to understand the mainstream research of the field, presents the references on each stream and, in addition, provides information to public policy makers. Findings from this study can contribute to theory building in e-government research.

This study may provide support to government institutions to assess the allocation of public resources for research.

The paper fulfils an identified need to examine the intellectual foundations and mainstream research in the field of e-government, unlike other reviews. The paper makes a methodological contribution by integrating co-citation and bibliographic coupling in mapping knowledge.

Realizar uma bibliometria sobre pesquisa em e-government, com especial preocupação em encontrar as bases sobre as quais estudos são construídos.

Bibliometria utilizando análise de citação, cocitação e pareamento bibliográfico, aplicado a 161 artigos selecionados publicados em 37 periódicos de ponta em administração pública.

Apresentar o conhecimento existente sobre pesquisa em e-government e fornecer uma categorização de subcampos de pesquisa acadêmica. Os 40 trabalhos mais citados foram classificados em três subcampos: Modelos e Evolução, Fatores de Implementação e Restrições de Adoção. 63 trabalhos foram classificados em três subcampos: Adoção (Fatores Contextuais e Tecnológicos), Status de Evolução e Implementação, e Capital Social.

Devido à abordagem de pesquisa escolhida, este estudo apresenta limitações inerentes aos estudos bibliométricos, como a seleção de periódicos e palavras-chave. Este trabalho auxilia estudantes e pesquisadores do e-government a entender as principais vertentes de pesquisas da área, apresenta as principais referências e, além disso, fornece subsídios aos formadores de políticas públicas. Os resultados deste estudo podem contribuir para a formação da teoria na pesquisa em e-government.

Este estudo pode fornecer suporte a instituições governamentais para avaliar a alocação de recursos públicos para pesquisa.

O documento preenche lacuna identificada em examinar a base intelectual e a pesquisa predominante no campo do e-government. O artigo faz uma contribuição metodológica ao integrar cocitação e pareamento bibliográfico.

Palavras-chave - e-government, Administração pública, Estudo bibliométrico, Análise de cocitação, Pareamento bibliográfico

Artículo de investigación

Realizar una bibliometria sobre la investigación del e-government, con especial preocupación por encontrar las bases sobre las cuales se construyen los estudios del e-government.

Bibliométrica mediante citas, co-citas y análisis de emparejamiento bibliométrico, aplicado a 161 artículos seleccionados en las 37 revistas académicas centrales sobre administración pública.

Presente el conocimiento existente sobre e-government y proporcione una categorización en términos de subcampos de investigación. Las 40 obras más citadas se clasificaron en tres subcampos: Modelos y Evolución, Factores de Implementación y Restricciones de Adopción. 63 trabajos se clasificaron en tres subcampos de investigación general: adopción (factores contextuales y tecnológicos), estado e implementación de la evolución y capital social. El artículo presenta lagunas en las corrientes de investigación.

Debido al enfoque de investigación elegido, este estudio tiene limitaciones inherentes a los trabajos bibliometricos, tales como la selección de revistas y palabras clave. Este trabajo ayuda a los estudiantes e investigadores de e-government a comprender la investigación en este campo, presenta las referencias en cada línea y, además, proporciona información a los responsables de la política pública. Los hallazgos de este estudio pueden contribuir a la construcción de teorías en la investigación del e-government.

Este estudio puede brindar apoyo a las instituciones gubernamentales a la hora de evaluar la asignación de recursos públicos para la investigación.

El documento cumple con una necesidad identificada de examinar los fundamentos intelectuales y la investigación general en el campo del e-government. El artículo hace una contribución metodológica al integrar la co-cita y el emparejamiento bibliográfico.

Palabras clave - E-government; Administración pública, Estudio bibliométrico, Análisis de co-citas, Pareamento bibliográfico.

revisión de literatura

The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain the export behaviour (EB) developed by the Chilean service sector exporter firms using longitudinal data, to contribute to the scarce literature in this field in emerging markets.

Chilean service sector exporter firms are studied through a longitudinal analysis (2006 to 2015) comparing EB (continual/discontinual exporters) with respect to market diversification (MD). Considering a quantitative hypothesis test, based on a t-test, comparing these two groups of firms, using STATA software.

According to this research, scarce MD promotes a discontinual export development process in Chilean service sector exporter firms.

It is important to define public policies focussed on maintaining exportation over time and also to support these firms in diversifying their markets.

This paper shows a means of analysis, using longitudinal data, to compare large groups of firms, describing the causes of the discontinual export development process. At the same time, it enhances the literature on service sector exporters.

El propósito de este trabajo es describir y explicar la conducta exportadora desarrollada por las empresas chilenas exportadoras del sector de servicios utilizando datos longitudinales, para contrinuir a la escasa literature en este campo, respecto de países en vías de desarrollo.

Las empresas chilenas exportadoras del sector de servicios son analizadas a través de un estudio longitudinal entre los años 2006 y 2015, comparando la conducta exportadora (Exportadores continuos y exportadores discontinuos) respecto de su diversificación de mercados. Considerando un test de hipótesis cuantitativo, basado en T-test, comparando estos conjuntos de empresas hemos utilizando el software STATA.

De acuerdo a esta investigación, una escasa diversificación de mercados promueve la exportación discontinua entre las empresas chilenas exportadoras del sector de servicios.

Es importante definir políticas públicas enfocadas en mantener la exportación a través del tiempo y también apoyar la diversificación de sus mercados en las empresas chilenas exportadoras del sector de servicios.

Este trabajo muestra un medio de análisis, utilizando datos longitudinales, para compara grupos grandes de empresas, describiendo las causas del desarrollo del proceso de de exportación discontinua. Al mismo tiempo que mejora la literatura acerca del sector exportador de servicios.

This study aims to explore the degree of diversity and coherence of the components of an entrepreneurial ecosystem at the micro, meso and macro levels in Central Sabana Province in Colombia to establish the strengths and opportunities for improvement of the mentioned ecosystem.

This study uses cross-sectional analysis of multiple cases.

The entrepreneurial ecosystem under study can be categorized as an imbalanced system due to the great diversity it presents in terms of its actors, resources and support programs. Regarding coherence, the ecosystem has not achieved a common objective regarding entrepreneurial processes or the recognition of the strengths of its actors and the specific needs of the entrepreneurs.

The study of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in a particular region has allowed the identification of the strengths of the ecosystem; the establishment of the degree of alignment of actors, resources and programs in the region; the identification of the preference of support and programs for certain types of enterprises with low economic and social impacts; and the characterization of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the province as self-organized but in need of institutional leadership that supports the effort required for the consolidation of the ecosystem.

Unlike traditional approaches in this field of study, this paper approaches a regional entrepreneurial ecosystem from a qualitative perspective through eight categories of analysis grouped into three levels of study: macro, meso and micro, exploring the degree of diversity and coherence of the actors and their interactions in the ecosystem.

Explorar el grado de diversidad y de coherencia de los componentes del ecosistema emprendedor por niveles micro, meso y macro en la provincia de Sabana centro en Colombia, con el fin de establecer las fortalezas y oportunidades de mejora del mencionado ecosistema.

análisis cruzado de casos múltiples.

El análisis de la información muestra que el ecosistema emprendedor en estudio podría ser categorizado como un sistema en desequilibrio, debido a la gran diversidad que presenta en términos de sus actores, recursos y programas de apoyo. En términos de coherencia el ecosistema no ha logrado un objetivo común respecto a los procesos de emprendimiento, ni el reconocimiento de las fortalezas de sus actores y las necesidades específicas de los emprendedores.

La investigación contribuye al desarrollo del campo de estudio de los ecosistemas emprendedores. El trabajo evidencia que en las primeras etapas de formación de un ecosistema emprendedor se necesita diversidad de componentes que generen heterogeneidad. Pero esta diversidad tiene que ser respaldada por políticas, leyes y financiación, para alcanzar la coherencia entre los diferentes componentes y niveles.

El estudio del ecosistemas emprendedor en una región en particular ha permitido: (a) conocer las fortalezas del ecosistema, (b) conocer el grado de alineación de actores, recursos y programas en la región (c) identificar la preferencia de los apoyos y programas por cierto tipo de emprendimientos de bajo impacto económico y social, (d) el ecosistema emprendedor de la provincia se ha caracterizado por su autoorganización pero resulta evidente la necesidad de un liderazgo institucional que articule los esfuerzos para la consolidación del ecosistema.

Explorar o grau de diversidade e coerência dos componentes do ecossistema empresarial em níveis micro, meso e macro na província de Sabana Centro na Colômbia, com a finalidade de estabelecer os pontos fortes e oportunidades de melhoria do referido ecossistema.

Análise cruzada de casos múltiplos.

A análise das informações mostra que o ecossistema empreendedor em estudo pode ser categorizado como um sistema em desequilíbrio, devido à grande diversidade que apresenta em termos de seus atores, recursos e programas de apoio. Em termos de coerência, o ecossistema não alcançou um objetivo comum em relação aos processos de empreendedorismo, nem o reconhecimento dos pontos fortes de seus atores e as necessidades específicas dos empreendedores.

A pesquisa contribui para o desenvolvimento do campo de estudo dos ecossistemas empresariais. O trabalho mostra que nos estágios iniciais de formação de um ecossistema empreendedor é necessária a diversidade de componentes que geram heterogeneidade. Mas esta diversidade tem que ser apoiada por políticas, leis e financiamento, para alcançar a coerência entre os diferentes componentes e níveis.

O estudo do ecossistema empreendedor em uma determinada região permitiu: (a) conhecer os pontos fortes do ecossistema, (b) conhecer o grau de alinhamento dos atores, recursos e programas na região (c) identificar a preferência de apoios e programas para determinados tipos de empreendimentos de baixo impacto econômico e social, (d) o ecossistema empreendedor da província tem se caracterizado por sua auto-organização, mas a necessidade de uma liderança institucional que articule esforços para consolidar o ecossistema é evidente.

This paper aims to evaluate the consumer acceptance of Bordô and Isabel wines from innovative winemaking in order to increase red wine consumption by consumers to obtain nutritional benefits.

All wines were produced by a standard procedure of vinification. Pre‐drying treatment aimed at drying the grapes up to 22°Brix and static pomace wines presented the constant contact between the must and pomace. Sensory acceptance was carried out by 80 consumers who evaluated eight samples (six experimental wines and two commercial wines) concerning the attributes: appearance, aroma, body, flavor and overall acceptance.

Experimental wines presented higher acceptance when compared to commercial wines and cluster analysis shows the splitting of consumer preferences, highlighting the higher acceptance of traditional Bordô wine and static pomace samples in all sensory attributes. Pre‐drying process enhances the concentration of coloured compounds, to highlight the appearance acceptance of these samples.

Although this paper has limited the consumer acceptance of red table wines, the innovative treatments will be applied in Vitis vinifera red wines.

The wide acceptance of static pomace and pre‐drying wines has promoted further information about innovative winemaking that can be applied in Brazilian and worldwide wineries.

The innovative treatments can change sensorial features of wines and therefore influence the choice of consumers as well as enhancing the nutritional benefits of red wines.

The pre‐drying and static pomace winemaking are the novelty of this study and the wide acceptance of the sensory attributes concerning these treatments indicates the potential for application in wineries.

Fair trade commonly focuses on the figure of the smallholding peasant producer. The effectiveness of this as a strategy lies in the widespread appeal of an economy based upon independent family producers trying to secure livelihoods in impersonal and exploitative global commodity markets. But the attempt by fair trade to personalise economic relationships between coffee producers and consumers diverts attention away from aspects of the political economy of production for the market. This chapter examines a rural Costa Rican coffee economy that has supplied fair trade markets since the 1980s. Documenting differences in landholdings, the range of activities farmers engage in, and the relationship between landowners and landless labourers, women, and migrant harvesters from Nicaragua reveals differentiation and tensions that are obscured in the “smallholder” model invoked by fair trade.

The commercialization of research produced by universities constitutes a core facet of academic entrepreneurship (AE). Academic literature reveals the need to shed light on entrepreneurial processes in higher education institutions (HEIs). This study intends to fill this gap by researching the mechanisms for facilitating AE and the variables that can moderate the relationship between such mechanisms and AE in Portuguese HEIs.

Our research model aims to assess the mechanisms of academic entrepreneurship (AE) within a sample of 125 Portuguese public higher education institutions (HEIs). To test our research hypotheses, we employed a structural equation model (SEM) using the partial least squares (PLS) method. Additionally, our evaluation examines the potential moderating effects of incubator programs, support initiatives, and proof-of-concept programs (PoCs). Our research model seeks to evaluate the mechanisms for facilitating AE and explore the effects of including incubator programs, support initiatives, and PoCs as moderators. The seven variables (Research mobilization, Unconventionality, Industry collaboration, University policies, Incubator programs and support initiatives, Proof-of-concept programs, and academic entrepreneurship) were measured using a 7-point Likert scale.

The results revealed that different drivers of AE influence the creation and development of entrepreneurial activities. Our findings also show the moderating effects of incubator programs, support initiatives, and proof-of-concept programs on AE. We find that incubator programs, other support initiatives, and PoCs maintain a moderating effect on AE and benefit their respective HEIs.

The study examines only the Portuguese HEI context. Therefore, generalizing these results necessitates reservations. However, the responses came from various actors in HEIs, from different academic backgrounds and research interests. This makes the results more generalizable. Limitations are evident in external validity, given that we gathered the data over a relatively short period.

Observed factors are explored to gain a deeper understanding of their influence on the mechanisms of AE. The implications arise from the new perspective presented and the methodology used to identify mechanisms capable of fostering AE. We hope this research will encourage other researchers to study this topic further.

the engagement of universities at the global level should be emphasised in future policy. While universities in innovation systems often have a local focus, their engagement in innovation ecosystems transcends the boundaries of geographic locations.

PoCs had a significant positive moderating effect on the impact of research mobilization and university policies on AE. Thus, we find interactions between universities and industry boost AE. This study demonstrates how AE benefits HEIs by extending orientation towards mobilizing research, unconventional approaches, cooperation with industry, and university policy implementation. We thus advocate a new approach, demonstrating the influence that the mobility of research, unconventionality, industry collaboration, and university policies hold over AE.

For almost half a century, society has been aware of the existence of a glass ceiling, a term that describes the invisible barriers that hinder women’s access to power positions despite having equal or greater qualifications, skills and merits than their male counterparts. Nowadays, although there are signs of slow progress, women are still underrepresented in the upper echelons of large corporations and the risk of reversing the progress made in gender parity has increased because of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper contributes to previous literature by analysing the impact that the uncertainty and cognitive effects associated with COVID-19 in 2020 had on the presence of women on the board of directors and whether this impact has been moderated by the regulatory and policy system on gender quotas in place at the time.

To test the authors' research hypotheses, the authors selected the major global companies worldwide with economic-financial and non-financial information available in the Thomson Reuters EIKON database over the 2015–2020 period. As a result, the authors' final sample is made up of 1,761 companies from 52 countries with different institutional settings that constitute an unbalanced data panel of 8,963 observations. The nature of the dependent variables requires the use of logistic regressions. The models incorporate the terms to control for any unobservable heterogeneity and the error term. Any endogeneity issues were addressed by considering the explanatory variables with a time lag.

The authors find that almost 30% of the companies downsized their boards in 2020. This decision resulted in more female than male directors being made redundant, causing a reversal in the fulfilment of gender quotas focussed on ensuring balanced boards with a female presence of 40% or more. This effect was enhanced in countries with hard-law regulation because the penalty for non-compliance with gender quotas had led to a significant increase in the size of these bodies in previous years through the inclusion of the required number of female directors. In contrast, the reduction in board size in soft-law countries does not differ from that in laissez-faire countries, lacking any moderating effect or impact on the number of female board members dismissed as a result of the pandemic.

This paper aims to contribute to current knowledge by analysing the impact that the countries' regulatory and normative systems on gender parity on boards of directors have had on the decisions made in relation to leadership positions, moderating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender equality at a global level.