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A review is made of methods for calculating parameters characterizing crack tip behaviour in non‐linear materials. Convenient methods of calculating J‐integral type quantities are reviewed, classified broadly into two groups, as domain integrals and virtual crack extension techniques. In addition to considerations of how such quantities may be calculated by finite elements, assessment methods of conducting the actual incremental analyses are described.

Recent developments in the design of potentiostats have resulted in an improved approach to electrochemical study of corrosion in the laboratory. This review summarises the performance of suitable instruments either commercially available or in circuit form and describes some of their practical applications.

This paper aim to review existing research in the management control systems field in the banking industry. It identifies gaps in the existing literature and suggests some directions for future research.

The review was carried out principally by consulting leading accounting journals, followed by other relevant journals covering all publications from the inception of the particular journal to 2010. The published articles are categorized by their research topics, theories, methodologies and settings.

The review reveals a dearth of detailed studies on management controls in the banking sector. As evident from the sizeable number of descriptive studies, most prior studies do not engage in an in‐depth inquiry into control issues of banks, and most lack clear articulation either theoretically or methodologically. It finds that currently little is known on the concerns encountered by banks and the nature of management control practices deployed.

This review is selective and, while illustrative of the state of management control research in the banking sector, does not attempt a comprehensive coverage of all research. However, it identifies gaps in the current literature and makes calls for further research on a number of management control issues in the banking industry. Further, in light of the review findings, the paper offers some lessons and insights for practicing managers.

Although some general reviews on various facets of management accounting across time have been undertaken by past researchers, industry‐based reviews have not been their focus. Through a systematic review of management control research in the banking arena, this paper shows that despite both the significant position occupied by the banking industry in nations' economies and the importance of management controls for banks, there remains a need for researchers to pay adequate attention to exploring control issues in this sector.

COPPER is by far the most important non‐ferrous metal used in industry. By virtue of its valuable physical and mechanical properties, long life, comparative cheapness and high scrap value, it occupies a position next only to iron and steel in commercial importance.

During the past three decades, as the Offshore Industry has developed its capabilities and capacity, there has been a corresponding drive to strengthen its weakest resource — materials. Much research has been directed both to metallurgical and corrosion problems encountered in the hostile offshore working environment and there have been many repeated and expensive failures. Progressively more corrosion resistant alloys have been selected to replace the lowest cost industrial materials first selected. Frequent changes in the composition of stainless steels and copper based alloys have regularly, and in the event falsely, raised user expectations of performance. Very large quantities of new alloy formulations have been nastily put into service, with no track record of performance. Most operators today recognise that their materials package represents at best no more than a compromise and there is a continuing awareness of many problems still unsolved.

POTENTIOSTATS are extensively used in corrosion studies and are now available in very refined forms as high impedance transistorised instruments (see Fig. 1). Recent successful examples of their use in this field have been the evaluation of corrosion inhibitors.

The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of overload on the threshold stress intensity factor range (ΔK_th) in SUS316.

The fatigue tests are carried out to determine the resultant threshold stress intensity factor range (ΔK_th). The mechanism of the improvement of ΔK_th by the tensile overloading is analyzed using the Dugdale model.

It is clarified that the value of ΔK_th increases as increasing the overloading.

The apparent value of ΔK_th of stainless steel can be improved by a tensile overload, the fatigue strength of structural members that have a surface crack can be increased by a tensile overload.

As a result, the reliability and safety of structures, such as energy plants, can also be improved.

The purpose of this paper is to explore women’s resistance to the religion of civilising missions abroad through empathetic feminism.

Conceptually, this paper explores three thematic tools for transnational activism in the interwar period: empathy for silent history, intersectionality of race and class, and empowerment through advocacy within power structures. With the theoretical backdrop of Winifred Holtby’s activism inspired by the philosophy of Mary Wollstonecraft, this research compares the political involvement of Frances Emily Newton to Blanche Elizabeth Campbell Dugdale, and how their transnational activism contributed to post-colonial self-determination and the convolution of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict in the rise of the twentieth century nation-state.

These three feminists provided alternative narratives of human rights activism during the first wave of British feminism that both enabled transnational activism and planted seeds for empowering self-determination amidst colonial mandates and rising nationalism.

These women worked at the dovetail of colonialism and self-determination towards the twentieth century nation-state, and as the twenty-first century evolves with greater global integration and interconnectivity, imaginative insight in the transnational context evokes greater opportunities for empathy and compassion across intersectional identities, which in effect enables the mobilisation of positionality to confront structural violence perpetuating silenced voices.

By contextually evaluating transnational activism in a narrative of nuanced complexities, this research exudes opportunities for propagating universal human rights while maintaining the sensitivity to post-colonial sentiment for empowerment with the support of transnational networks.

Despite overall reductions in levels of smoking in the UK, rates of offender smoking remain high. In 2016, it was announced that prisons in England and Wales would gradually introduce a smoking ban. The purpose of this paper is to explore offenders’ perceptions around the upcoming smoking ban.

A total of eight focus groups were conducted in four prisons across the North of England. Both smoking and non-smoking offenders participated in the focus groups, and thematic analysis was used to explore the findings.

Themes generated from the data were “freedom and rights”, “the prison environment” and “guiding support”. Participants discussed how the smoking ban was viewed as a punishment and restricted their freedom, with perceptions as to why the ban was being implemented centring around others trying to control them. Participants expressed concerns around the financial implications of the smoking ban on already stretched prison resources. Participants also recommended improving the nicotine replacement therapy on offer, and increasing the range of leisure activities within the prison to prepare for the smoking ban.

Overall, it was apparent that participants’ awareness of the smoking ban was generally poor. It is recommended that offenders need to be made more aware of the smoking cessation support they will receive and given the opportunity to ask questions about the smoking ban. Increasing offenders’ awareness of the ban may reduce stress associated with a perceived lack of choice around their smoking behaviours.