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FAULTLESS, error‐free communication between man and machine, as well as between individual assemblies is of vital importance for reliable aircraft operation. The term ‘man/machine communication’ is interpreted in this context as the output of information offered by the aircraft equipment and the entry of commands and information in the aircraft system by the human operator. Machine/machine communication, on the other hand, means integrated operation of the individual subsystems of the aircraft.

The aim of the paper is to present the results of investigations of fine particle generation by small biomass combustion and the possibility of reducing the emissions by electrostatic precipitation.

The grains, wood‐logs, wood‐, mixed‐ and straw‐pellets were combusted in two stoves and two boilers. The set‐ups were operated according to DIN‐4702. Particle number concentration in the gas flow was measured by Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer and particle mass concentration was measured according to the Guidelines VDI‐2066 upstream and downstream a novel space charge electrostatic precipitator (ESP). The ESP consists of an ioniser and a grounded brush inside of a tube form grounded collector electrode.

The ESP ensures stable operation at gas temperatures up to 350°C. The use of sharp‐points high voltage electrode ensures effective particle charging at high particle number concentrations. The combustion of wood‐pellets is characterized by lower particle mass concentrations. The highest particle mass concentrations were observed by the straw‐pellets combustion. The ESP ensures particle collection with mass collection efficiency 87±3% for wood‐logs and 82±2% for wood‐pellets combustion.

The novel ESP is recommended for exhaust gas cleaning from small scale biomass combustion facilities and domestic heating units. The use of the ESP would reduce the emissions of fine aerosol into the atmosphere and improve the air quality.

The paper presents the comparative analysis of particle size distribution and particle mass concentrations in the exhaust gas from small‐scale combustion units for different types of biomass. The study confirms the possibility to reduce particle emissions by electrostatic precipitation. The originality of the technology and apparatus is patently protected.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the accuracy of finite element method simulations for high voltage equipment featuring resistive field grading.

In such simulations, the order of the mesh used and the polynomial order of the ansatz functions are varied while maintaining mesh and simulation parameters. The resulting accuracy of the simulations is analyzed by an error convergence study which shows the relative errors against the number of degrees of freedom the computational time and the memory consumption.

Simulation results of simplified benchmark geometry and applications to large‐scale 3D high voltage equipment are presented herein.

The impact of the order of the mesh and the Ansatz functions are studied for realistic high voltage setups. The paper helps the user of simulation software to choose adequate simulation parameters.

Inorganic pigments have been widely investigated due to their chemical stability such as resistance to chemical attacks by acids and alkalis, excellent hardness and high temperature stability. Cr_1.3Fe_0.7O₃ which is considered as a ceramic nanopigment also seems to be a highly efficient photovoltaic material. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

In this work, the paper reports the synthesis of a novel and high purity Cr_1.3Fe_0.7O₃ nanopigment via sol-gel process using stearic acid as complexing agent. The method includes formation of an organic precursor with metallic cations homogeneously distributed all over the matrix. Sample characterisations were performed by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, UV-vis diffused reflectance spectra and photoluminescence. The transport properties and colour characteristics were also investigated by spectroscopic and technological characterisation of the synthesised nanoparticles.

The prepared nanopigments were uniform in distribution and a spherical morphology with an average size of about 200 nm was observed. Cr_1.3Fe_0.7O₃ nanoparticles showed a direct band gap value of 2.85 eV and the colour efficiency of the nanopigments evaluated by colourimetric analysis resulted characteristic values of L*=39.96, a*=3.67 and b*=3.12.

This method for synthesis of nanopigments is novel and could be employed for various applications in synthesis of wide variety of nanoceramics.

The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the development of industrial relations (IR) in Germany since the end of the Second World War and discusses the current challenges posed by economic globalisation und European integration.

Combining a political economy, identifying Germany as a coordinated market economy (social market economy), and actor-centred historical institutionalism approach, outlining the formation and strategies of the main social actors within a particular institutional setting, the paper draws on the broad range of research on IR in Germany and its theoretical debates, including own research in the field.

The legacy of the key institutional settings in the post-war era – primarily the social market economy, co-determination at supervisory boards, works councils and sector-based non-ideological unions with their analogously organised employer counterparts, as well as the dual system of interest representation – has shaped the German IR and still underlie the bargaining processes and joint learning processes although trade unions and employers’ associations have been weakened because of loss of membership. In consequence the coverage scope of collective agreements is now somewhat reduced. Despite being declared dead many times, the “German model” of a “conflictual partnership” of capital and labour has survived many turbulent changes affecting it to the core.

The paper presents an original, theoretical informed reconstruction of the German IR and allows an understanding of the current institutional changes and challenges in the light of historical legacies. Additionally the theoretical debates on path dependence and learning processes of collectivities are enriched through its application to the German case.

The purpose of this paper is to propose that leaders who promote ethical values authentically will be more effective in inspiring followers to behave ethically than inauthentic leaders. It further hypothesizes that authentic ethical inspiration by leaders will transform followers’ prosocial motivation so that they internalize their leader’s values and act accordingly.

The study tests this moderated-mediation model based on survey data from 741 officers in the Federal Armed Forces Germany who are leaders and follower simultaneously.

Leader authenticity moderates the relationship between leader ethical influence and follower ethical behaviors. The effect is significant and substantial. Leader ethical influence has a significant, yet marginal effect on follower prosocial motivation, which, in turn, strongly relates to follower ethical behaviors.

Although leader authenticity is a value in itself, it says little about the contents of leaders’ ethical values. Thus, future research should not confound authentic leadership with ethical leadership. Prosocial motivation is a comparatively stable characteristic of individuals, which is rather resilient against leader influence.

“Softer” means of leader influence are effective in the coercive context of public command-and-control organizations. By cascading down the hierarchy, ethical values disseminate throughout the organization. The study draws these conclusions within the limitations of a cross-sectional analysis.

This study is the first to investigate the moderating role of perceived leader authenticity in the relationship between leader ethical inspiration and follower ethical behaviors.

To describe and extend existing concepts of discrete electromagnetism in a unified formalism; to give examples for the usefulness of the presented ideas for our theoretical work, especially with regard to energy.

After a concise introduction to the mathematical concepts of discrete electromagnetism, we introduce continuous de Rham currents and give their discrete counterpart. We define operators acting upon discrete currents, and apply the theory to electromagnetism.

de Rham current theory yields a mathematical framework for the discussion of discrete electromagnetic problems: The focus is on energy‐balance equations; a discrete Lagrangian can be defined for various modeling problems; the Galerkin approach fits nicely into the proposed formalism; boundary terms in discrete formulations are an implicit feature to the theory.

In this paper, we use the interpolation of discrete fields by Whitney forms on a simplicial cell complex. The resulting discrete formulation is identical to a Galerkin finite‐element method. Other numerical techniques that do not resort to Whitney‐form interpolation can equally be discussed in de Rham‐current terminology.

Rather than a novel numerical technique, the paper presents a unified mathematical framework for the discussion of different practical approaches. We advocate a canonical treatment of energy‐related quantities and of boundary terms in discrete formulations.