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IN the first part of this article a description of the apparatus used for engine testing and research was given. The actual procedure in carrying out tests on an engine will now be described.

IT is the painful experience of all who engage in experimental work of a type to which they are not accustomed, that they may easily spend more time in rectifying faults in their equipment or technique than in producing useful data. Information on these points has, therefore, considerable value to the investigator, but the supply of such information has hitherto been scanty. One reason for this, as regards research on internal combustion engines, is that, except for Government Establishments, which are naturally uncommunicative, and Universities, whose work is mainly educational rather than experimental, there are few organisations which carry out research on a scale wide enough to amass a large body of experience. One such firm is Messrs. Ricardo & Co., Ltd., who have been engaged on work of this kind for the last fifteen years. The description in these pages of their Shoreham Laboratory, and of their experimental methods, should, therefore, be of use to many. The writers (who are on the staff or Messrs. Ricardo & Co.) realise that the requirements of experimental work vary enormously, and that methods which suit their needs may not suit the needs of others. They have endeavoured, therefore, to explain not only how things are done, but why they are done in that particular way, and thus to give their readers an insight into the factors governing the choice of method, which they can apply to their own particular problems.

THE choice of a carburettor to suit a particular aero engine lies firstly in the choice of a make and type, then in the determination of the correct size. The choice of make (assuming a suitable type and range of sizes is available) is governed by a purely qualitative consideration of the properties of each type available and by consideration of the production facilities. The decision can, therefore, only be made after careful study and full understanding of the functional principles of each type, and weighing these up with the advantages claimed by the maker in each case. Points to be considered in the decision as to make and type are these:

DURING recent years considerable attention has been given to the welding of alloy steels. Until recently a limiting factor in the use of 18–8 stainless steels was that certain service conditions had a tendency to lower their corrosion resistance by producing a susceptibility to inter‐granular corrosion. Welding also was found to cause the same susceptibility in narrow zones in the parent metal near the weld. In some cases, heat‐treatment after welding would restore the desired properties but this was not always feasible. However, the recent introduction of a columbium‐treated 18–8 stainless steel welding rod is likely to mark an important advance in the fabrication of stainless steel. The use of this rod in conjunction with 18–8 base metal treated or “stabilized” with columbium or titanium permits the manufacture of welded stainless steel products which, in the as‐welded condition, have full resistance to corrosive and oxidizing influences, particularly at elevated temperatures.

The purpose of this study is to explore the struggle for entry and career success of the early pioneer women accountants in Great Britain and its former colonies the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

A career crafting matrix guides the analysis of historical information available on five pioneer women accountants in order to understand their success in gaining entry into the profession and their subsequent careers.

Despite an exclusionary environment, career crafting efforts coupled with family and organizational support enabled these women to become one of the first female accountants in their respective countries. Their struggles were not personal but much broader—seeking social, political, economic and professional empowerment for women.

This is the first paper to utilize the career crafting matrix developed from current female accountants' careers to explore careers of pioneering female accountants. It adds to the limited literature on women actors in accounting and may provide insight into approaching current forms of difference and discrimination.

The purpose of this paper is to offer a systematic review of the literature that explores under‐employment among recent graduates. Literature from a range of disciplines is reviewed in an attempt to further a theoretical understanding. In doing this, the secondary aim is to identify avenues for future research.

The paper adopts a systematic literature review methodology to answer the question “What is graduate underemployment?”

The review highlights significant issues around the conceptualisation and measurement of graduate under‐employment. It argues that individual volition and meaning making are important issues that to date remain under‐researched in relation to graduate under‐employment. The paper argues that the most appropriate basis for developing a theoretical understanding of graduate under‐employment is to draw upon relevant theoretical frameworks from career studies – specifically those on the objective‐subjective duality of career, career indecision, and career success. This approach provides a greater focus on the dynamics of the individual's experiences.

This review has implications for a range of stakeholders including students, graduates, teachers and careers advisers, parents, universities, employers, HR professionals and policy makers.

In the context of policy debates surrounding the purpose and value of higher education, this review brings together the highly fragmented perspectives on a phenomenon that encapsulates many of the issues being debated.

The Hebrews of old were promised a land “flowing with milk and honey,” a description which, in the opinion of the biblical writer, expressed every desirable quality. Many excellent persons consider that we are the Lost Ten Tribes. If that be so we have little reason in certain respects to congratulate ourselves on change of habitat; with regard to milk the opinion of the British Medical Association is worth consulting, as well as a perusal of current police court proceedings. With regard to honey there is well known classical as well as scriptural authority which is justification for the belief that honey as a naturally formed substance is a wholesome food. This belief, fortified to some extent by experience, is undoubtedly held by the ordinary purchaser and consumer of honey. Whether at breakfast or at tea in dining room or nursery—especially the latter—he expects to get a liquid with a characteristic taste and smell primarily obtained by bees from the nectaries of flowers. Like all foods it is a complex with chemical constituents and physical properties varying between certain limits. It has a dietetic value of its own. There is no substitute for it. The mel depuratum of the British Pharmacopœia is also assumed to be genuine honey, not materially changed in nature, substance, or quality by the treatment it receives as a preliminary to its introduction as a constituent of various pharmaceutical preparations. It may be reasonably assumed that this conception of what honey is or should be is held by members of the medical profession, by pharmacists, and by students of dietetics alike. It is impossible to imagine that any of these would seriously think that any artificial product could adequately replace honey. Yet so‐called honey substitutes have been on the market for years past and are still sold. With some vague implication—usually expressed in small print on a label—that it is not the genuine thing. This as a rule conveys little or nothing to the mind of the housewife who, buying it in a closed glass container, is guided by the colour and also influenced by the price of her purchase. Taste and smell being excluded under the conditions of the ordinary “over the counter purchase,” she is left to discover its other virtues when it appears on the family meal table. The Ministry of Food seems to give an implied sanction to this form of commercial enterprise by defining the term “imitation honey” (The Sugar and Preserves (Rationing) Order, 1945) as meaning “any manufactured product, whether containing honey or not, which is made up to resemble honey in appearance, consistency and flavour.” It is unfortunate that imitation honey should be officially acknowledged as a legitimate trade product, for it is surely no more a substitute for the genuine product of the hive than is a faked half‐crown for the real thing. The sale of imitation “honey,” which may contain no honey at all, is a matter in which the demands of public health and fair dealing should receive priority over trade expediency. Nor is it easy to see how the delicate and characteristic flavour of honey is to be successfully imitated. It has been said that food manufacture is more and more assuming the character of a branch of industrial chemistry. Imitation honey is surely an exemplification of that statement if for the moment it be regarded as a food. We are, however, by no means inclined to think of it as anything of the kind. It may not be positively harmful, but in our submission a genuine food consumed under ordinary circumstances by the normal person is and must be positively good. The alleged value of this stuff cannot be expressed in terms of merely negative qualities. On the contrary, it is pretty effectively damned by them. It is in fact mere gut lumber of no dietetic value. In addition to this, it would seem to have a fairly wide and perhaps an increasing sale. At the present time everyone who can do so is being very rightly urged to grow more food in personal and in national interests. There seem to be few indications that the present state of things will be bettered in the near future. Allotment holders and smallholders are being increasingly recognised as important contributors, within their limits, to the national food supply. Honey is a food. It should form a cheap and wholesome addition to the ordinary meal. Bee‐keeping is not only well within the range of the small‐holder's activities, but seems in many ways to be peculiarly adapted thereto. Many organisations, official and otherwise, exist with the avowed object of instructing allotment holders and smallholders how to keep bees, and encouraging them to do so. A ready market will be a measure of their success. We believe that such a market exists and that it would grow if people were assured that a supply of home‐made honey at a reasonable cost could be had. The interests of neither producer nor consumer are served by a market in process of being glutted by imitations masquerading as substitutes for the real thing.

Recently, much effort has been focused on research and development of new types of lubricating oil additives to reduce wear and friction in the tribological systems. It has been noted that the use of additives to improve the lubricating capacity and durability of oil plays an important role in the wear and friction process of materials. Due to the environmental problems, many researchers are embarking on the viability of the vegetable‐based lubricants. In this article a critical review has been made on vegetable‐based lubricant additives with specific properties and application. This article explains the advantages and manufacturing processes of vegetable‐based oils, which will give a better understanding of using biodegradable lubricating oil additives. A case study on palm oil methyl ester as an additive has been presented in this paper.

Purpose – Using examples from Australia, Finland and The Netherlands, we describe the sociocultural processes that influence farmers. We outline the styles of farming approach as an explanation of diversity (heterogeneity) and the farming scripts approach as an explanation of conformity (continuity and tradition).

Methodology – This chapter is a theoretical comparison that draws on earlier work of the authors. The research into styles of farming used focus groups and interviews, while the research on farming scripts is based on an analysis of biographies submitted for a national writing competition or gained by narrative interview.

Findings – We argue that there are a number of farming scripts that may well be universal, at least within family farming in western cultures. We found that the concept of styles of farming is a useful heuristic device, but that it was difficult to use in practice to use to classify farmers. We conclude that both style and script are needed to account for the full range of sociocultural influences on farmers.

Practical implications – Our chapter seeks to expand understanding of the social lives of farming families and to increase the realisation that farming is a sociocultural practice. Efforts to change agriculture need to be mindful of this fundamental dimension of farming practice if they are to be successful.

Originality – The analysis we have undertaken is the only theoretical comparison of these approaches.

IN THE PERIOD 1925 to 1927, at the request of Viscountess Wolseley, the Corporation of Hove erected and equipped at Hove Central Library at a cost of £1100 a room known as Viscountess Wolseley's Room. This room, established and endowed by Viscountess Wolseley, was dedicated to the study of agriculture and horticulture. It was built on the site of a former roof garden; semicircular in design, it was intended to be the repository of books, prints, documents and other objects which would form sources of local history. The official opening was on 31 July 1928, and to mark the opening Viscountess Wolseley arranged a series of exhibitions to display aspects of social life in Sussex in bygone days.