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This chapter offers a critical outline of the Egyptian feminist movement. It traces the forms of feminist activism and the demands raised by Egyptian feminists throughout the twentieth century and into the new millennium.

The study uses the tools of feminist theory and women’s history in charting a critical outline of the Egyptian women’s movement and feminist activism throughout a century of Egyptian history. The study attempts to identify the main features of the movement in terms of the demands raised by women and the challenges and achievements involved within the socio-political national and international contexts.

The Egyptian feminist movement is divided here into four waves, highlighting the intersections between feminist demands and national demands, as well as Egyptian women’s struggle for their rights. The first wave is seen as focusing on women’s right to public education and political representation. The second wave is marked by women’s achievement of constitutional and legal rights in the context of state feminism. The third wave is characterised by feminist activism in the context of civil society organising. The fourth wave has extended its struggle into the realm of women’s bodies and sexuality.

The study limits itself to forms of women’s agency and feminist activism in the public sphere.

This chapter is an original attempt at outlining the Egyptian women’s movement based on the demands raised and challenges faced. The chapter also suggests the existence of a sense of continuity in the Egyptian women’s movement.

The electrodeposition of any metal over titanium substrates meets with many problems due to the formation of a non‐conductive layer of titanium oxide on the surface of substrates during the electroplating process. Trials were made to overcome these problems by the pre‐anodisation of titanium substrates in oxalic acid solution of concentration 100g/l, at high current density of 60‐95mA/cm^–2, and at ambient temperature. In these conditions, a thin, porous and conductive titanium oxide film can be obtained, which will then support electroplating processes. Rhodium metal was electrodeposited over the anodised titanium substrates from a bath consisting of Rh₂(SO₄)₃, 5.2g/l and H₂SO₄, 100g/l. At optimum conditions of electroplating, the rhodium electrodeposits were formed over the anodised titanium substrate with high adhesion, brightness and high current efficiency (92.05 per cent).

This paper offers a critical discussion to contribute to sociological work by emphasizing deconstruction(s) of the markers of gendered and racialized borders and epistemological injustice(s) in theory and practice of contemporary global frames of representation and women's intersectional identities and rights. Through a postcolonial, situated feminist approach, the theoretical framework aims to scope and review literature from the South and North.

The research employs a mixed-methodology of a survey paper and media critical discourse analysis of media monitoring frames of Egyptian women's rights post–Arab spring. The content, layout and imageries produced by representations are assessed to explore whether there are lingering subtle and blatant hints of continued orientalism in knowledge canons.

The underlying causes for misconceptions and reductionist sociopolitical attitudes may be styled by patriarchal and orientalist imposition and are highly found to be somewhat maintained by persistent Western-centric epistemologies claiming to define or speak for the so-called other. The above-mentioned structures are evidently channelled through languages which essentialize and control women of the South, urging for further research in knowledge canons which calls oppressive frames into question.

More feminist contributions from non-Western gazes are needed to fill gaps in canons of knowledge and deconstruct patriarchal and colonial codes which impose inequalities on women as seen through the survey paper of theoretical representation and media politics.

This paper aims to explore the position of Arab women in management by examining the existing research on gender and management in the Arab region in order to obtain an overall picture of the advancement of Arab women in their professional lives, point out coherent clusters of research and identify knowledge gaps in existing research.

The study conducts a content analysis of academic articles in order to provide a quantitative as well as qualitative thematic overview of the topics emerged from the literature.

The statistical analysis of researches shows that, the topic of women in management is gaining more importance. The thematic overview of researches shows that authors have concentrated only on few and very broad topics, without much diversity or depth.

The paper provides practitioners some understanding of the position of Arab women in management and factors that influence their professional lives. The paper sets a solid base of previous studies for future researchers studying women in management in the Arab region.

The paper might be considered as the first study to give a systematic overview of the literature on women in management in the Arab region.

Student engagement is a multifaceted concept that directly impacts students and their education. The purpose of this paper is to discuss student engagement conceptually by offering a framework to better understand the deliverables of engagement in the form of generic and targeted outcomes.

The design of the study is based on a detailed literature review, to identify different types of engagement which graduates are expected to experience during their higher education studies. These types of engagement(s) are mapped with their outcomes.

The findings of this study would be an analysis of relevant studies to create an outcome-oriented conceptual framework for student engagement.

The practical implications of the study would be to provide a guide for enhancing student engagement through which both generic competencies and higher order competencies of students may be augmented.

The available literature suggests that many students lack focus when learning on campus, especially in meeting targeted outcomes, and do not engage in the community. The current study has incorporated generic and targeted outcomes expected as a result of the different types of engagement. The study has put forward certain propositions, suggesting new dimensions of research in the domain of student engagement.

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a formalism given by an equation suitable for simulating discrete systems with space-time variation in addition to other change variables. With such formalism, multidimensional dynamical models of discrete complex systems, such as the social systems and ecosystems, can be built.

This formalism is named as discrete multidimensional dynamic system (DMDS). The DMDS provides a way to consider the variation of the density of a state variable with regard to the variables of the change space as a function of multidimensional rates. Multidimensional rates describe this evolution as a consequence of the relation of each multidimensional-point with a given set of other points of the change space. This relation contains the accessibility domains (sets of space points with which each space point is related).

This equation is compared with both the reaction-diffusion equation written in its finite difference form and the cellular-automata model, demonstrating its compatibility with them and an increase in generality, widening the scope of application. The steps to construct models of systems with multidimensional variation based on the equation that defines the DMDS are specified and tested.

Through the DMDS and a well-stated methodology, an application case is provided in order to describe the multidimensional demographic dynamics of an urban system. In this case, the numerical evolution of the population density by districts and cohorts is determined by the DMDS based on some hypothesis about functions of population diffusion between the different districts of the system.

The scope of application of the space-time dynamic system (STDS), given by the authors in a previous work, has been extended to discrete and multidimensional systems. STDS model produces better results than the reaction-diffusion model in validation.

This study aims to investigate the NiO nano-reinforced solder joint characteristics of ultra-fine electronic package.

Lead-free Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder paste was mixed with various percentages of NiO nanoparticles to prepare the new form of nano-reinforced solder paste. The solder paste was applied to assemble the ultra-fine capacitor using the reflow soldering process. A focussed ion beam, high resolution transmission electron microscopy system equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used in this study. In addition, X-ray inspection system, field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and nanoindenter were used to analyse the solder void, microstructure, hardness and fillet height of the solder joint.

The experimental results revealed that the highest fillet height was obtained with the content of 0.01 Wt.% of nano-reinforced NiO, which fulfilled the reliability requirements of the international IPC standard. However, the presence of the NiO in the lead-free solder paste only slightly influenced the changes of the intermetallic layer with the increment of weighted percentage. Moreover, the simulation method was applied to observe the distribution of NiO nanoparticles in the solder joint.

The findings are expected to provide a profound understanding of nano-reinforced solder joint’s characteristics of the ultra-fine package.

The paper seeks to focus on obtaining the transient torque required to rotate the inner cylinder in open ended vertical concentric annuli for a fluid of Pr = 0.7 in the laminar natural convection flow regime over a wide range of the controlling parameter Gr²/Ta. The inner wall is heated and subjected to an impulsive rotation while the outer one is stationary and maintained adiabatic.

The governing transient boundary‐layer equations are numerically solved using an iterative linearized finite‐difference scheme.

The transient induced flow rate and absorbed heat for different annulus heights are presented. High rotational speed (i.e. low values of Gr²/Ta) increases the flow rate and heat absorbed in short annuli. However, for considerably tall annuli, Gr²/Ta has slight effect on the flow and heat absorbed. The steady‐state time is tangibly influenced by Gr²/Ta in considerably short annuli and very slightly affected for considerably tall annuli.

The investigated problem can simulate the start‐up period of naturally cooled small vertical electric motors.

The paper presents results not available in the literature for the effect of Gr²/Ta on the developing velocities, pressure, flow‐rate induced, absorbed heat by fluid and required torque in vertical concentric annuli with impulsively rotated inner walls under the transient free‐convection heat transfer mode.