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Abstract

Many jurisdictions fine illegal cartels using penalty guidelines that presume an arbitrary 10% overcharge. This article surveys more than 700 published economic studies and judicial decisions that contain 2,041 quantitative estimates of overcharges of hard-core cartels. The primary findings are: (1) the median average long-run overcharge for all types of cartels over all time periods is 23.0%; (2) the mean average is at least 49%; (3) overcharges reached their zenith in 1891–1945 and have trended downward ever since; (4) 6% of the cartel episodes are zero; (5) median overcharges of international-membership cartels are 38% higher than those of domestic cartels; (6) convicted cartels are on average 19% more effective at raising prices as unpunished cartels; (7) bid-rigging conduct displays 25% lower markups than price-fixing cartels; (8) contemporary cartels targeted by class actions have higher overcharges; and (9) when cartels operate at peak effectiveness, price changes are 60–80% higher than the whole episode. Historical penalty guidelines aimed at optimally deterring cartels are likely to be too low.

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The Law and Economics of Class Actions
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78350-951-5

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Article
Publication date: 1 October 1961

John M. Perfect, W.J. Campbell, J.W. Cuthbertson, J.C. Bailey, A.W. Brace, J.M. Kape, C.E. Michelson, H. Ginsberg, W. Kaden, J.G. Simmons, B.A. Scott, H.M. Bigford, H. Richaud, Capt. J. Fox‐Williams and H.L. Watts

The Conference on Anodised Aluminium, organised by the Aluminium Development Association and held in the new Cripps Hall at Nottingham University from September 12–14, was…

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Abstract

The Conference on Anodised Aluminium, organised by the Aluminium Development Association and held in the new Cripps Hall at Nottingham University from September 12–14, was probably the first of its kind in the world and attracted nearly 300 delegates. Eighteen papers were discussed. In the following pages abstracts and conclusions from most of the papers are given, emphasis being placed on the corrosion aspects of the subject.

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 8 no. 10
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Book part
Publication date: 18 May 2001

Eric R. Wright

This paper presents a theoretical framework and pilot study that examines the social context of the mental health treatment system and its impact on the spread of HIV among people…

Abstract

This paper presents a theoretical framework and pilot study that examines the social context of the mental health treatment system and its impact on the spread of HIV among people with serious mental disorders. Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that mental illness clients may be at especially high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. Mental health professionals' efforts to respond to the emerging epidemic, however, have been limited and focused primarily on individual-level interventions to change risk behavior. Virtually no consideration has been given to how treatment environments influence client risk behavior and/or the effectiveness of HIV prevention efforts. The perspective outlined in this paper builds on existing clinical research and proposes a general sociological framework for researching mental illness clients' HIV risk that emphasizes the clinical sexual culture of treatment programs. In an effort to develop preliminary measures and test key assumptions of the proposed framework, a small pilot study was conducted at a large state psychiatric hospital in the Midwest. The results suggest that clinical sexual culture does have a significant impact on the way both the patients and staff think about the management of patient sexual expression and HIV/AIDS at the hospital. More generally, the findings provide preliminary support for the theoretical framework presented.

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The Organizational Response to Social Problems
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-0-76230-716-6

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Article
Publication date: 18 April 2017

R. Rathinamoorthy and G. Thilagavathi

Odour formation in textile material is mainly based on the fibre content and also the constituent fibres’ chemical and physical structures. Polyester fibre materials are very…

193

Abstract

Purpose

Odour formation in textile material is mainly based on the fibre content and also the constituent fibres’ chemical and physical structures. Polyester fibre materials are very profound to form odour after being worn due to their highly oleophilic nature. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the odour formation characteristics of polyester fabric after surface modification through alkali treatment.

Design/methodology/approach

Five male participants were allowed to use the alkali-treated and untreated polyester fabrics, which were fixed in the axilla region of their vest. Subjective and objective odour analyses were performed for the worn samples. The odour was evaluated in terms of intensity rating, bacterial population (CFU/ml) and bacterial isolation.

Findings

The results showed that alkali treatment was effective in odour reduction in polyester fabric (p<0.005). The bacterial population density was also reduced significantly (p<0.005) in the alkali-treated polyester fabric compared to the untreated polyester fabric after the wear trial. The alkali treatment affected the surface structure of the polyester fabric and thus changed it from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. This was confirmed by the moisture management test results.

Originality/value

The odour formation in the polyester fabric can be controlled by simple surface modification process like alkali treatment, and thus the value of the product can be increased in the apparel sector.

Details

International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, vol. 29 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0955-6222

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Article
Publication date: 4 September 2009

A. Mahmoodi, M.B. Menhaj and M. Sabzehparvar

The purpose of this paper is to present an algorithm for inverse dynamics problem of a generally configured Stewart platform which is both fast and accurate.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present an algorithm for inverse dynamics problem of a generally configured Stewart platform which is both fast and accurate.

Design/methodology/approach

A Newton‐Euler approach is presented, using the advantage of body coordinate frames, instead of inertial ones in order to omit redundant matrix transformations.

Findings

The method is found to lead to an efficient algorithm for inverse dynamics of a generally configured Stewart platform, which is at least three times faster than the available algorithms. This algorithm is at the same time more accurate, due to considering the gyroscopic effects of rotary parts within the legs.

Originality/value

Utilizing body coordinate frames for both platform and legs (instead of inertial ones) and taking into account the gyroscopic effects of the rotary parts within the leg, are the innovative aspects of this paper. The more significant achievement of the presented method is the remarkably faster rate of convergence, which is very important in feedback linearization control.

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Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 81 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

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Article
Publication date: 1 February 2001

P. Ladevèze, L. Arnaud, P. Rouch and C. Blanzé

A new approach called the “variational theory of complex rays” (VTCR) is developed for calculating the vibrations of weakly damped elastic structures in the medium‐frequency…

449

Abstract

A new approach called the “variational theory of complex rays” (VTCR) is developed for calculating the vibrations of weakly damped elastic structures in the medium‐frequency range. Here, the emphasis is put on the most fundamental aspects. The effective quantities (elastic energy, vibration intensity, etc.) are evaluated after solving a small system of equations which does not derive from a finite element discretization of the structure. Numerical examples related to plates show the appeal and the possibilities of the VTCR.

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Engineering Computations, vol. 18 no. 1/2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0264-4401

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Abstract

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South Africa’s Democracy at the Crossroads
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80262-927-9

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Article
Publication date: 1 February 1963

P.L. ERSKINE

The search for an easily installed, practicable and inexpensive information retrieval system continues unabated. This is reflected in the Aslib Library almost daily by requests…

80

Abstract

The search for an easily installed, practicable and inexpensive information retrieval system continues unabated. This is reflected in the Aslib Library almost daily by requests for advice on the feasibility of installing this or that system, or for information on what systems are available in Great Britain. Study of the following bibliography, which covers only a narrow selection of information retrieval systems, will reveal that much original thought has been producing concrete results in this country. In fact, one of the earliest references is to a paper given at the twenty‐second Aslib Conference in 1947 by W. E. Batten, in which he describes his development of an ‘aspect’ card system—more often referred to today as ‘Peek‐a‐boo’ or ‘feature’ cards. Mr C. W. Cleverdon's Cranfield project is also adding considerable knowledge on the use of various indexing methods, including Uniterm.

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Aslib Proceedings, vol. 15 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0001-253X

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Article
Publication date: 10 October 2016

Nicolette van Halem, Sui Lin Goei and Sanne F. Akkerman

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the extent of systematic examination of students’ educational (support) needs by teachers participating in lesson study (LS) meetings…

875

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the extent of systematic examination of students’ educational (support) needs by teachers participating in lesson study (LS) meetings within a framework of formative assessment (FA).

Design/methodology/approach

The study took place in the context of upper preparatory vocational education in the Netherlands. The learning trajectory of two LS teams was examined qualitatively, using the framework of FA to analyze teachers’ explorative talk during LS-meetings. The sample included Dutch language teachers and mathematics teachers.

Findings

Findings revealed how the process of FA was intertwined with the LS process. Systematic examination of teaching practice was partly identified, however, FA was frequently inadequately applied. Teachers tended to rush into talk about pedagogics, instead of identification of goals and students’ educational (support) needs. In total, 12 characteristics of teacher talk were related to the extent to which FA was applied.

Research limitations/implications

The findings of this study suggest that guidance and support during LS-meetings is desirable for systematic practices during LS-meetings and this guidance and support should adapt to specific weaknesses and strengths of a LS team.

Originality/value

This study builds on previous findings suggesting that a systematic approach is important for teachers during LS-meetings. The findings provide a starting point for realizing the potential of LS in preparatory vocational education, by revealing potential pitfalls of systematic practice during LS-meetings. Moreover, this study presents a framework of FA as a potential tool in facilitating a systematic practice of LS.

Details

International Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies, vol. 5 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2046-8253

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Book part
Publication date: 1 January 2005

Pamela Castellanos and Dale Septeowski

For a number of years, the American School Counselor Association has been working to identify and clarify the role and function of school counselors within Developmental and…

Abstract

For a number of years, the American School Counselor Association has been working to identify and clarify the role and function of school counselors within Developmental and Comprehensive School Counseling programs. The terms “Developmental” and “Comprehensive” mean that school counseling programs establish goals for their programs that are developmentally appropriate to the age and needs of students and that current and future goals build upon previous goal achievement. Thus, school counseling programs should be in place throughout students’ entire K-12 academic experience.

Details

Current Perspectives on Learning Disabilities
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-84950-287-0

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