Jiangping Yuan, Ming Zhu, Baohui Xu and Guangxue Chen
The purpose of this paper is provide a broad view for the standardization efforts of color quality evaluation of color 3D printing techniques. Further, this review paper…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is provide a broad view for the standardization efforts of color quality evaluation of color 3D printing techniques. Further, this review paper demonstrates the processes and color properties of most color 3D printing techniques with specific devices and applications to extend the range of possible memberships of standardization group.
Design/methodology/approach
Six color 3D printing techniques including plastic-based, paper-based, powder-based, organism-based, food-based and metal-based color 3D printing have been introduced and illustrated with colorization principles and forming features in detail. Moreover, for printed 3D color objects, literature about color measurement, color specification and color reproduction are described and analyzed, respectively.
Findings
Four color 3D printing techniques including plastic-based, paper-based, powder-based and food-based color 3D printing show great affinity toward standardization of color quality evaluation, while their colorization principles indicate that it is difficult with a single standard frame. It is possible to develop a completed color quality evaluation standard for color 3D printing based on approaches in color 2D printing when color measurement method and devices are standardized together.
Originality/value
The paper provides an important guide focusing on the efforts to standardize the colorization processes and color quality evaluation of the color 3D printing techniques.
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Jiangping Yuan, Zhaohui Yu, Guangxue Chen, Ming Zhu and Yanfei Gao
The purpose of this paper is to study a feasible visualization of large-size three-dimension (3D) color models which are beyond the maximum print size of newest paper-based 3D…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study a feasible visualization of large-size three-dimension (3D) color models which are beyond the maximum print size of newest paper-based 3D printer used 3D cutting-bonding frame (3D-CBF) and evaluate the effects of cutting angle and layout method on printing time of designed models.
Design/methodology/approach
Sixteen models, including cuboid model, cylinder model, hole model and sphere model with different shape features, were divided into two symmetric parts and printed by the Mcor IRIS HD 3D printer. Before printing, two sub-parts were rearranged in one of three layout methods. Nine scaled sizes of original models were printed to find the quantitative relationship between printing time and scale values in each type. For the 0.3 times of original models, six cutting angles were evaluated in detail.
Findings
The correlation function about colorization time and printed pages was proposed. Based on 3D-CBF, the correlation between printing time and scale size is statistically defined. Optimization parameters of designed parts visualization about cutting angel and layout method were found, even if their statistical results were difficult to model their effects on printing time of specimens.
Research limitations/implications
The research is comparative and limited to the special models and used procedures.
Originality/value
The paper provides a feasible visualization and printing speed optimization methods for the further industrialization of 3D paper-based printing technology in cultural creative field.
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Xiaojun Wu, Bo Liu, Peng Li and Yunhui Liu
Existing calibration methods mainly focus on the camera laser-plane calibration of a single laser-line length, which is not convenient and cannot guarantee the consistency of the…
Abstract
Purpose
Existing calibration methods mainly focus on the camera laser-plane calibration of a single laser-line length, which is not convenient and cannot guarantee the consistency of the results when several three-dimensional (3D) scanners are involved. Thus, this study aims to provide a unified step for different laser-line length calibration requirements for laser profile measurement (LPM) systems.
Design/methodology/approach
3D LPM is the process of converting physical objects into 3D digital models, wherein camera laser-plane calibration is critical for ensuring system precision. However, conventional calibration methods for 3D LPM typically use a calibration target to calibrate the system for a single laser-line length, which needs multiple calibration patterns and makes the procedure complicated. In this paper, a unified calibration method was proposed to automatically calibrate the camera laser-plane parameters for the LPM systems with different laser-line lengths. The authors designed an elaborate planar calibration target with different-sized rings that mounted on a motorized linear platform to calculate the laser-plane parameters of the LPM systems. Then, the camera coordinates of the control points are obtained using the intersection line between the laser line and the planar target. With a new proposed error correction model, the errors caused by hardware assembly can be corrected. To validate the proposed method, three LPM devices with different laser-line lengths are used to verify the proposed system. Experimental results show that the proposed method can calibrate the LPM systems with different laser-line lengths conveniently with standard steps.
Findings
The repeatability and accuracy of the proposed calibration prototypes were evaluated with high-precision workpieces. The experiments have shown that the proposed method is highly adaptive and can automatically calibrate the LPM system with different laser-line lengths with high accuracy.
Research limitations/implications
In the repeatability experiments, there were errors in the measured heights of the test workpieces, and this is because the laser emitter had the best working distance and laser-line length.
Practical implications
By using this proposed method and device, the calibration of the 3D scanning laser device can be done in an automatic way.
Social implications
The calibration efficiency of a laser camera device is increased.
Originality/value
The authors proposed a unified calibration method for LPM systems with different laser-line lengths that consist of a motorized linear joint and a calibration target with elaborately designed ring patterns; the authors realized the automatic parameter calibration.
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Abstract
Purpose
A high-precision gyroscope is an important tool for accurate positioning, and the amplitude stability and frequency tracking ability of the drive control system are important and necessary conditions to ensure the precision of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes. To improve the precision of MEMS gyroscopes, this paper proposes a method to improve the amplitude stability and frequency tracking ability of a drive control system.
Design/methodology/approach
A frequency tracking loop and an amplitude control loop are proposed to improve the frequency tracking ability and amplitude stability of the drive control system for a MEMS gyroscopes. The frequency tracking loop mainly includes a phase detector, a frequency detector and a loop filter. And, the amplitude control loop mainly includes an amplitude detector, a low-pass filter and an amplitude control module. The simulation studies on the frequency tracking loop, amplitude control loop and drive control system composed of these two loops are implemented. The corresponding digital drive control algorithm is realized by the Verilog hardware description language, which is downloaded to the application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) platform to verify the performances of the proposed method.
Findings
The simulation experiments in Matlab/Simulink and tests on the ASIC platform verify that the designed drive control system can keep the amplitude stable and track the driving frequency in real time with high precision.
Originality/value
This study shows a way to design and realize a drive control system for MEMS gyroscopes to improve their tracking ability. It is helpful for improving the precision of MEMS gyroscopes.
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Xiaohong Lu, Zhenyuan Jia, Hua Wang, Likun Si, Yongyun Liu and Wenyi Wu
– The paper aims to study the wear and breakage characteristics of coated carbide cutting tools through micro-milling slot experiments on superalloy Inconel 718.
Abstract
Purpose
The paper aims to study the wear and breakage characteristics of coated carbide cutting tools through micro-milling slot experiments on superalloy Inconel 718.
Design/methodology/approach
During the micro-milling process, the wear and breakage appearance on the rake face and flank face of the cutting tools, as well as the failure mechanism, have been studied. Furthermore, the wear and breakage characteristics of the micro-cutting tools have been compared with the traditional milling on Inconel 718.
Findings
The main failure forms of the micro tool when micro-milling Inconel 718 were tool tip breakage and coating shed on the rake and flank faces of the cutting tool and micro-crack blade. The main causes of tool wear were synthetic action of adhesive abrasion, diffusion wear and oxidation wear, while the causes of abrasive wear were not obvious.
Practical implications
The changing trend in tool wear during the micro-milling process and the main reasons of the tool wear are studied. The findings will facilitate slowing down the tool wear and prolonging the tool life during micro-milling Inconel718.
Originality/value
The results of this paper can help slow down the tool wear and realize high efficiency, high precision and economical processing of small workpiece or structure of the nickel-based superalloy.
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Abdulhakim Adeoye Shittu, Fuat Kara, Ahmed Aliyu and Obinna Unaeze
The purpose of this paper is to mainly review the state-of-the-art developments in the field of hydrodynamics of offshore pipelines, identifying the key tools for analysis of…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to mainly review the state-of-the-art developments in the field of hydrodynamics of offshore pipelines, identifying the key tools for analysis of pipeline free spans, their applications, their qualifying characteristics and capabilities and limitations.
Design/methodology/approach
These different analytical, numerical and semi-empirical tools available for predicting such hydrodynamic loads and their effects include VIVANA, PIPESIN, VIVSIM, SIMULATOR, FATFREE, amongst others. Inherent in these models are current effects, wave effects and/ or pipe–soil interactions.
Findings
Amongst these models, the most attention was given to the new VIVANA model because this model take into account the vortex-induced effects with respect to free-spanning pipelines (which have dominant effect in the span analysis in deep water) better than other semi-empirical models (such as Shear 7). Recent improvements in VIVANA include its ability to have arbitrary variation in speed and direction of current, as well as the ability for calculation of pure IL and combined IL-CF response. Improvements in fatigue assessments at free spans, i.e. pipe–soil interaction have been achieved through the combined frequency domain and non-linear time domain analysis methodology adopted. Semi-empirical models are still the de facto currently used in the design of free-spanning pipelines. However, there is need for further research on free-span hydrodynamic coefficients and on how in-line and cross-flow vibrations interact. Again, there is still the challenge due to VIV complexity in fully understanding the fluid structure interaction problem, as there is no consolidated procedure for its analysis. It has been observed that there is large scatter between the different codes adopted in the prediction of fatigue damage, as there lacks full-scale test data devoted to determination/validation of the coefficients used in the semi-empirical models. A case study of the preliminary design of a typical 48 in. pipeline has been presented in this study to demonstrate the use of the free-span analysis tool, DNV RP F105. Excel spreadsheet has been applied in the execution of formulas.
Originality/value
This review paper is the first of its kind to study the state-of-the-art development in pipeline free-span analysis models and demonstrate the use of analysis tool, DNV for MAFSL calculation. Hence, information obtained from this paper would be invaluable in assisting designers both in the industry and academia.