This paper aims to present a multi‐dimensional measure of poverty. The proposed method has been applied to the Panel Set of Belgian Households dataset for Belgium for the years…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to present a multi‐dimensional measure of poverty. The proposed method has been applied to the Panel Set of Belgian Households dataset for Belgium for the years between 1994 and 2000.
Design/methodology/approach
First, a common model is decided upon by exploratory factor analysis, and applied by confirmatory factor analysis. Cluster analysis (CA) is then used to separate the multi‐dimensional poor. Finally, the possible causes of multi‐dimensional poverty are surfaced by estimating a discrete duration model.
Findings
The proposed method reveals three dimensions of poverty: “material deprivation”, “social deprivation” and “psychological health”. Between 9 and 11 per cent of the representative sample of Belgian individuals are poor. The paper also identifies causes of poverty, including not having a job, not having the Belgian nationality, having a poor health or a disability, being lower educated, experiencing financial poverty, being divorced or widowed, living in the Walloon or Brussels regions, and having a bad psychological health.
Research limitations/implications
Research implications include the use of polychoric and tetrachoric correlations as a starting point of factor analysis, as well as the combination of factor analysis and CA.
Originality/value
The paper proposes an alternative multi‐dimensional measure of poverty. It argues that previous measures may suffer from categorisation errors and suggests a solution to this problem. The advantages of the proposed method are that all information is used to disentangle the poor from the non‐poor and that dimensions of poverty are defined using the correlations between deprivations. Finally, the paper identifies “psychological health” as one of the dimensions of poverty.
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A large number of research articles have appeared in the literature during the last two decades on the subject of system reliability optimisation, each with a view to providing…
Abstract
A large number of research articles have appeared in the literature during the last two decades on the subject of system reliability optimisation, each with a view to providing simple, exact and efficient techniques. Here, an efficient, fast and exact technique is proposed for solving integer‐programming problems that normally arise in optimal reliability design problems. The algorithm presented is superior to any of the earlier methods available so far, being based on functional evaluations and a limited systematic search close to the boundary of resources. Thus it can quickly solve even very large system problems. It can also be effectively used with other operations research problems involving integer‐programming formulations.
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G. Stylios, T.R. Wan and N.J. Powell
True 3‐D garment design (CAD) systems are fundamental for the next generation of intelligent textile and garment manufacture and retailing. Reports a new approach for modelling…
Abstract
True 3‐D garment design (CAD) systems are fundamental for the next generation of intelligent textile and garment manufacture and retailing. Reports a new approach for modelling fabric. The fabric model is developed based on a physical analogue to a deep shell system for describing and predicting the real 3‐D shape of clothes. The fabric motion is determined by deformation energy, gravity and external constraints, such as collision forces, using the deformable node bar concept. The advantages of this model are that engineering parameters can be used as model parameters directly and that the model is configured based on the surface co‐ordinate system, which is believed to be important as the basis of a powerful fashion CAD system. The model successfully simulated fabric drape and has been implemented on a synthetic female model.
George K. Stylios, T.R. Wan and N.J. Powell
Reports the dynamic modelling of garments on synthetic humans. Develops the model based on a physical analogue to a deep shell system for describing and predicting the real 3‐D…
Abstract
Reports the dynamic modelling of garments on synthetic humans. Develops the model based on a physical analogue to a deep shell system for describing and predicting the real 3‐D shape of clothes. Determines the garment motion by fabric deformation energy, gravity and external constraints of the garment, such as collision forces, using the deformable node bar concept. Justifies the model by agreement between real fabric prediction of static and dynamic drapes using our newly developed drape metre. Demonstrates the garment simulation using garments from two different fabrics in a virtual fashion show. Also describes the work on modelling and animating a synthetic female. The advantages of this model are that engineering parameters can be used as model parameters directly and that the model is configured based on the surface co‐ordinate system, which are important for the next generation of fashion CAD systems incorporating virtual fashion shows. This consideration is fundamental in the context of global retailing and becomes an integral part of intelligent textile and garment manufacture. Proposes the consequences of this work in cinema, TV, advertising and in graphics and animation are also important, but does not examine these.
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Riccardo Natoli and Segu Zuhair
The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative progress measure revolving around the utilisation of three key constructs: resources, infrastructure and environment.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative progress measure revolving around the utilisation of three key constructs: resources, infrastructure and environment.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper utilises an interdisciplinary approach to construct a composite indicator to measure progress. Furthermore, a weighting technique based on public opinion, and a non‐monetary evaluation, is employed.
Findings
The findings reveal that the methodological approach employed above allows components that are vital to progress to be incorporated.
Research limitations/implications
The research could be applied to countries with regard to issues dealing with project selection and resource allocation, while it is hoped to also promote interdisciplinary research between schools.
Originality/value
The paper proposes an alternative measure of progress for nations. The advantage of the proposed method is that it has the capability to capture aspects important to progress.