Search results

Describes the new legal and regulatory norms in Spain which aim to protect children from the constant advertising and marketing messages that they are exposed to; these are in line with the Spanish Constitution’s concern for protection of honour, privacy and image, and they recognise that children have a naivety and credulity that must not be exploited. Outlines the specific product areas of protection, which cover tobacco, alcohol, toys, medicines and beauty products, dangerous products, and junk food. Moves onto specific activities like direct marketing, TV and radio, lotteries, games and gambling, pornography and sponsorship; and then to advertising and characters, including cartoons and celebrities. Concludes with restrictions on the advertising of products which involves children as actors: the emphasis here is that children must not be shown in dangerous situations, for instance with toys that are not safe for them at the age level shown.

When the German armed forces came into being in the mid-1950s, as a result of the international tensions due to the Cold War, few considered female soldiers. It took another decade until this issue began to be discussed in society and in politics. This discussion of the 1960s was shaped by a wide-ranging democratisation and significant socio- and politico-cultural changes. Starting with the so-called student movement, various parts of German society became important social movements that called for political and societal participation. Among these were various women's movement groups that criticised the patriarchically structured German society and sought emancipation and gender equality as laid out in various UN documents. Of course, during this endeavour, some parts of them also demanded equal access and participation to professions that had hitherto been male-exclusive domains. Shortly thereafter, the male-dominated soldierly profession and the Bundeswehr viewed pressure from society, which soon translated into the political sphere and put the issue of women in the military on the agenda (Kraake, 1992; Albrecht-Heide & Bujewski-Crawford, 1991; Fischer, 1997).