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While various economic models predict that openness to international trade accelerates productivity and promotes economic growth and convergence, the empirical evidence (mostly based on cross‐sectional data) has been mixed and inconclusive. This paper investigates the issue using annual data from the 1950–1992 period for a sample of 56 economies. When the relationship between openness and growth (or convergence) is examined in the cross section, the results are fragile and statistically insignificant. When the complete panel is employed, however, and the time dimension of the data is fully utilized, a positive and statistically significant relationship between openness and growth emerges. In particular, it is shown that an increase in trade (exports plus imports) as a percentage of GDP by 10 percentage points results in a permanent increase in the growth rate by approximately 0.5 percent.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the sources of the apparent episodic stationarity of the P/E ratio.

The Stock–Watson procedure is used to decompose a VAR/VMA model into changes in structure and changes volatility. In theory, if the P/E ratio is properly anticipated and shocks are random, according to Samuelson's proof, it should exhibit the characteristics of a pure martingale and therefore it should not be possible to statistically reject trend nonstationary.

Using a rolling window, the P/E ratio is shown to have episodic periods when trend nonstationarity could be rejected and that the P/E ratio was not properly anticipated. However, if there were changes in the structure of the underlying P/E ratio model or changes in the volatility of the underlying model, it suggests that the shocks impacting the P/E ratio would not be random and it might be possible to reject nonstationarity. This is investigated further with the objective of determining whether there was underlying structural change or volatility changes that are associated with these periods when trend nonstationarity in the P/E ratio could be rejected. The results are tested and found to be robust to a number of different specifications examined, including different data periods and frequencies.

Results findings should be tested in other countries and in other periods.

The paper developed a methodology whereby it is possible to detect periods there the P/E ratio is not properly anticipated.

Based on the idea that insiders (i.e., managers and controlling shareholders) engage in earnings management to mask their diversion and rent seeking activities from outsiders, this paper presents international evidence supporting both a “diversion hypothesis” where earnings management is decreasing in economic freedom, and a “penalty hypothesis” where earnings management is increasing in human development.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of a trampoline intervention program on motor and behavioral characteristics of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Twenty-six male students aged 15–18 years with ASD participated in the study. They were equally divided into two groups of 13 students. The intervention group followed an individualized trampoline exercise program that was applied three times a week for 30 min for 12 weeks. Before the intervention program and after the end of this, the motor performance was evaluated through the recording of the total number of jumps. The behavioral characteristics were evaluated with the Behavior Problem Inventory questionnaire.

According to the findings, there were statistically significant differences between the intervention group and the control group across all variables. In conclusion, it seems that an intervention program with the use of a trampoline, adapted to the needs and capabilities of adolescents with ASD can improve their motor performance and behavioral characteristics.

The authors report on the impact of a trampoline exercise program on motor skills and behavioral traits in adolescents diagnosed with ASD. This is significant because our research focused on investigating the effects of a structured trampoline exercise program both on motor skills and behavioral characteristics. The findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting targeted exercise programs as effective interventions for addressing motor and behavioral challenges in adolescents with ASD. The authors believe the research aligns closely with the aims and scope of research in developmental disabilities, and the authors hope that it will make a meaningful impact on the field of autism research and intervention.