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The purpose of this study was to determine COVID-19 preliminary case fatality rates (CFR) across Southeast Asian (SEA) countries.

The study accessed the data on COVID-19 accumulated cases of fatalities and infections across SEA countries from the World Health Organization (WHO) website, covering the early days of March to May 21, 2020. The approach involved the computation of the CFR using the simple linear regression model. The slope of the regression line was the estimate of the CFR at a 95% confidence interval. The study also reviewed the different approaches of the SEA countries in dealing with the pandemic.

As of May 21, 2020, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines were the top three SEA countries with the highest record of COVID-19 infections. Brunei had one fatality, while Cambodia, Laos, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam had nil fatalities. Indonesia and the Philippines had the highest CFR with 6.66 and 6.59%, with R² of 97.95 and 99.43%, respectively. Singapore had the lowest CFR (0.068%) despite high infections.

Increased CFR in Indonesia and the Philippines suggests that COVID-19 in the two countries is rising at an alarming rate. Strict implementation of shared management approaches to control the pandemic is seen to be closely associated with the decrease of CFR.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the functioning of the rural credit market of Lima from 1825 to 1865, paying special attention to the effect of information asymmetries on the access to rural credit.

The article relies on primary sources for the study of the early credit market of Lima. In particular, the study relies on a sample of notarized loans for 1825–1865 and on property tax reports, collected from the National Archives of Peru, to determine the effect of information asymmetries, collateral and regional lending on access to credit. The article also analyzes the legal system of Peru during this period to determine whether property rights were well protected and so collateral could be used in the rural credit market.

A revision of the legislation shows that the legal system had some deficiencies, but allowed landlords and tenants to use their assets as collateral. Tax reports show that landlords and tenants owned valuable capital that could be used as collateral. Evidence from notarized loans shows that information asymmetries severely restricted inter-regional lending. In Lima, however, notaries played a role as financial intermediaries, providing the information about potential borrowers and allowing landlords and tenants to access credit. As a result, access to credit was significant for landlords and tenants.

This paper is one of the few historical studies on the role of information asymmetries in the allocation of rural credit in Latin America. It contributes to our understanding of credit markets prior to the creation of banks.

The intersection of multiculturalism and educational leadership has received increasing attention in research worldwide. Nonetheless, considering major trends and challenges across different societies, little is known about this under the indigenous communities’ framework. The purpose of the paper is to address this gap through a review of the existing studies on this topic.

This study consisted of a systematic literature review, assessing 23 indexed articles from main databases, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) procedures. In this review, four thematic categories were considered: (1) geographical location and year of publication of the entries; (2) characterization of the educational setting, formal or informal; (3) leadership focus (objectives, methodology and implications) and (4) identification of leaders (roles and profiles) and multicultural approach adopted.

The articles reviewed were published between 2014 and 2023, most from Australia and the USA. Results also detected a predominance of formal K-12 settings but a significant number of articles within informal ones, primarily based on rural contexts and their connection with Indigenous communities. Leadership is mainly addressed in its expected objectives and aims when this involves a pedagogy, practice or initiative with Indigenous people. Furthermore, Indigenous community leaders are considered in collaborative actions, including other roles, such as students, principals and teachers.

This study provides evidence and underscores the relevance of connecting educational leadership with Indigenous communities to collaborate in a multicultural socio-educational context involving Indigenous people.